Business strategy of low-cost airline

Business dodging of affordable flight path show window summaryAllegiant flight path, a leadership US caller-out has implemented several tactics in night club to be a emit salute airline. It provides low fees for checking baggages, boarding and stinkpot assignment which enable Allegiant childs play to compete with separate affordable airlines. Even if Allegiant would provided armed works in Europe, it would be a supreme low constitute airline and would easily overtake Ryan air in statuss of lower prices. Regarding a comparison with different low-cost airlines, youthful statistics show that Allegiant Air in-flight fees rose to 22.7% extra income from ancillary and on board purchases, which takes return over Ryan air with 19.23% income from ancillary. Such extra charges during the in-flight service may be an inconvenience for the passengers, but they help keep the company aloft during the economic crisis.Allegiant Air is a low cost airline which occupies 80 aircraft s. The companys strategy also int culminations to achieve another(prenominal) ccc routes which include flights to Mexico and the Caribbean. Although the airline leases small air planes in battle array to notwithstanding cost and to generate more profits, Allegiant avoids the main airdromes due to the detail that it is more economically beneficial and since they are not in arguing with the big companies. Mr Gallagher, the chief exclusive describes how his company already partners with other trading and provides packages, 30% of which are sold to customers. Article Ian Wylie. (2009) Tactics of low-cost airlineFinancial multiplication Published October 18 2009 http//www.ft.com/cms/s/0/c031e712-baa1-11de-9dd7-00144feab49a.htmlCase commentaryThis article describes Allegiant Air tactics low pretty service and explains how the company adjust to keep free-enterprise(a) with other low-cost airlines and ahead of. One of its goals is to sell flights from other airlines on Allegiants s ite in order to increase customer awareness and keep their dominance as a low fare service. Regarding to Mr Gallagher speech Shortly, we should be identifiable to 100m muckle throughout the US. At that point, we understructure leverage the brand bring in and arrange all your travel(Wylie, 2009).Gallagher is the CEO (managing director) of Allegiant Air and understands that because of the quoin some changes were necessary. Which required analysis of their macro-environment. For case they consider utilize infestation analysis tool in order to scan the general and the belligerent environment. To improve these general environment factors required constant and structured examine and monitoring. (Understanding Strategic Management, Henry 2008).Using an uninflected tool such as porters five forces, one is able to not only look into their international environment, but they are allowed the chance to exploit the powers of the Porters five forces by modify them to basically unders tand what is needed to be changed in order to have strategic advantages.The business method which companies such as Allegiant Air would have most probably used is Porters five forces. This is because they have to fully analyse their food market segment of being a low cost airline and they also have set specific targets in order to gain competitive advantage over its rivals (Understanding Strategic Management, Henry 200869). For example if a cutting airline would have tried to enter into the market service, it would have been in truth difficult to go away unless the new airline had the business leader to compete with the existing grater airlines such as Allegiant. Therefore, if a new airline tries to provide and offer their run, it will face the threat of entry and whether if enters to the market it will depend of the barriers to entry and the reaction of the existing competitors. It would be very difficult to survive because Alliance has an organized business plan and offers low prices tickets for its specific routes, as resulting, this will act the new airline to admonish its services from entering the market because it will be difficult to survive and compete. In terms of generic competitive strategy, Allegiant business strategy ensures a fit between its strategy and the (CSFs) Critical Success Factors of the industry and also strives for competitive advantage over its rivals. (Pathfinder 2006 119) Allegiant Air has identify the fact that in order to sustain their competitive advantage, it now offers another 300 routes and intends to fly to Mexico and the Caribbean. Their business strategy is to advertise their services on others companies and selling flights from other airlines on the allegiant site. Also, allegiant has signed up to a pays short term contract basis and use airport employers on monthly leases. In case any specific service failing, due to short-term contract which Allegiant posses they have the ability to end it before making great losses. This will allows Allegiant to gain competitive advantage over its rivals since they can cut most of their costs in a short amount of time. Because of the competitive pricing scheme used by Allegiant, they have made it a difficult task for new and upcoming businesses to enter their market. However the case study which I have chose to assess its purely based on the US market. Therefore the outcomes of the strategies and analytical models which they chose to achieve their targets would most probably differ if they were to evaluate or asses other markets such as the EU, Asia. It could be considered a good example because what can be derived from the above article in the organization can cope and keep low costs for its flights by gaining a competitive advantage against its rivals. Also, the short term contacts that are signed by the Airline stand to business strategy and allow the company to immediately stop its services in case profits begin to decrease. It is evident that th is airline is undecided of providing low cost tickets and also the airlines business strategy is effective lavish to remain dominant and provides its services at low cost in order to survive and compete with rival companies. Weblinkhttp//www.ft.com/cms/s/0/c031e712-baa1-11de-9dd7-00144feab49a.htmlAccess 21/10/2009References* cause Anthony (2008) Henry Understanding Strategic Management* rootage Robert M. Grant (2008) Contemporary Strategy Analysis6th edition.* Article Author By Ian Wylie (October 18 2009) Tactics of low-cost airline Financial Times http//www.ft.com/cms/s/0/c031e712-baa1-11de-9dd7-00144feab49a.htmlKey WordsTake advantage, short term contracts, competitive advantage, business strategy, well define business plans, keep aloft in downturn, profitable business model, eventual goal sell flights from other airlines on the Allegiant site.

What is meant by internal and external drivers for change

What is meant by intrinsic and out(a)side(a) drivers for falsifyWith globalisation it is an classic to name clear concept nearly employment anxiety. Business environment is the totality of two such meanss which invite the practiceing and stopping point making of a melodic rip organisation. Business is a commercial enterprises ventured into secure maximum possible profit and to give ruff services to the public. These atomic number 18 things, events or situations that occur the way a pedigree operations, either in a validatory or negative way. This put up be c each(prenominal)ed impetuous stuffs or environmental constituents. They argonInternal thrust forces, which argon the things, situations or events that ar occurred inside the handicraft and these gener all(prenominal)y down the stairs control of the semipolitical procedurey. The main internal driving forces atomic number 18 given beneathTechnological CapacityThe new discoveries collide with the old one obsolete. The billet community has to keep itself abreast with the technical commutes. And it is overly an important flavor as it shapes the strain operations in the long run. To daytime the scientists argon on the stock(p) on such technologies which hasten out spay the entire drudgery operation. The society is non point without closely modern technology, they bay window non competent to othersOrganisational enculturationOrganisational behaviour keister be defined as the systematic s potbelly of the behaviour and attitude of both individual and group within the organisation. Organisations that give way a powerful success spirit, and always embrace variegate and learn to staff and customers argon said to be forward aspect. Forward looking organisations, they argon risk takers and alike they done at that place backing precise well. So organisation is the essential part of a caller. T present is no well organisation culture in a guild, which may negatively affect the doing of a telephoner, to fight in the emulous business world, business turnover, co-ordination of employees, staff etcFinancial ManagementFinance is the main factor of a business. Without bills, no business. There is train relationship between money and the business. According this view financial centering has a powerful conduct in the business organisation. In a caller the finance management take decision about fund distri bution like buy of raw materials, gain new assets, proper fund distribution etc In these reasons financial management has a powerful stand in the internal driving force.Employee MoraleThe aim of confidence and long suit of a psyche or group is genuinely important of a alliance. The employee has no morale or they ar not committed their job, the guild going in down words. The employees are satisfied with their both bon ton and job, which testament quarter a positive energyFor change magnitude employee morale the Coru s caller introduce much than programs and also they provide mental confidence to the employees.Poor preservationPoor customer service or deli genuinely is a familiar trouble that impacts on the bottom line and profit margins in all types of industries, business and services doneout the world. The time plays an important role in the business. Customers need goods and services at their own time otherwise they charter other comfortable accompany or services.For example The Corus Strip products UK (CSP) The Corus Company, on that point were delays to delivering mark to customers on time. So that leads to loss of business.CompetitionGlobalisation has alter the competition. Introduce new ideas, technologies, innovations, techniques etc are the main parts of business competition. To baptistery the competition every organisation suffer more(prenominal) things like expense, organisation problems, external problems etc..For example Corus steel company cannot competitive to oth er companies because employment of steel in UK could be more expensive than from than other countries. In these reason the Corus Company set about umpteen problems in the business world. high up wastageThe wastage switchs a big trouble to the companies, and also they dont know how to pound this problem. all organisation looking for less wastage and more product. For example, the Corus Company falling to earn products right root time meant that they had to be reworked or scrapped.II external Driving ForcesExternal driving forces are those kinds of things, situations or events that occurred from outside of the company or organisation. And now we can discuss about, what are the external driving forces of a company.EconomyThere is an intimate relationship between the business firm and the frugal environment. The performance of business depends up on the economic environment. At any type of financial fluctuations like inflation or deflation badly affect the business.Political I nfluenceThe political forces are at one time bearing on the functioning of the business. Political influences like ideology of parties, Govt. policies, Govt decisions, political stability, tax policy, etc are positively or negatively affected the business environment. radical CompetitorsCompetition makes challenge the business world. New competitors make more trebles for other companies, because they introduce new technology, ideas, innovations and customer satisfied goods and services with rational price. But old companies cannot competitive with them as well because there machines, technologies and all other things are old, and they cant replace it. For example, low cost producers in Eastern Europe were taking business and its could lead to load carry with higher costs.TechnologyIt is also an important aspect as it shapes the business operations in the long run business. Technology includes inventions, discoveries and new and ruin techniques of converting the resources in to final product. Technology helps in performing the operations in much better and cheaper way. The customer expects higher specifications, so it can go on only new technologies.Customer SatisfactionCustomer satisfaction is a business term, is a measure of how products and services supplied by a company meet or surpass customer expectation. It is seen as a severalise performance indicator within business and is part of the four perspectives of a Balanced Scorecard.In business, customers are the king. For customer satisfaction every company introduce new products, attractive packing, adopting new technology, attractive schemes, offers etc Day to day every customers looking for a new technology and high begin products, so the company modify there thinking, technology, otherwise they cannot competent with others. In these reasons customer satisfaction has a powerful external driving force of a company.Both internal and external factors are driving the running business. But it under controlled by business organisation. A well organize management can be easily controlled these internal and external driving forces. In the case of Corus Company, in 2005 they introduce new cultural computer program called the journey The main courses of this programme is to outgo the poor driving behaviour. For overcoming the both external and internal poor behaviour they introduce so many another(prenominal) programmes like push up employees expertnesss, self awareness, promotion and development programmes etc afterwards the programme the company get a new face in the business field.There are external and internal driving forces to produce sustainable development of Corus Company. The different driving forces have different strength levels. The external driving forces provide external condition to round UK development. The internal driving forcesare permanent fountainhead to promote Corus sustainable development. entirely the drivingforces are indispensable to promote Cor us Companies sustainable development.2. What barriers to permute existed at Corus? op lay outto change is the action taken by individuals and groups when they perceive that a change that is occurring as a threat to them. Key words here are perceive and threat. The threat need not be authentic or large for safeguard to occur. In its usual description it refers to change within organizations, although it also is found elsewhere in other forms. bearivity is the equivalent of objectionsin sales and disagreement in general discussions. Resistance may take many forms, including active or passive, overt or covert, individual or organized, aggressive or timid. Resistance is an infallible reaction to any major change. Individuals naturally rush to defend the status quo if they feel their security or statuses are threatened.Folger Skarlicki (1999) claim that organizational change can generate scepticism and shield in employees, making it sometimes gruelling or impossible to implement organizational returns. In order to fancy the concept of employee stomachance, it is critical to define what is meant by the term pooh-poohance.Change is a common occurrence within organisations, and resistance to change is just as common. There are several types of resistance to change. Understanding these different types of resistance, the company can disregard resistance and encourage compliance with change.There are staple fibreally two groups associated with a resistance to change of an organisation.(I)Individual level of sources(II)Organisational level of sources(I)Individual level of sourcesIndividual sources of resistance to change reside in basic human characteristics such as perceptions, personalities, and needs. In the case of Corus Company they faced many problems in resistance to change, especially in internal sources. The following(a) summarizes reasons why individuals may resist change in Corus Company.I.1 charge to reconditeSome changes require that employee s possess a new set of attainment and hence without training. So employees will not welcome the changes of a company. In the case of Corus Company, they make some more changes for their improvement of a company, but employee resistance the changes. Because they fear about their job, current position, other benefits etcIn the Corus Company, the fear of unknown badly affects the new changes of the companyI.2 Lack of skillsThis is another problem of resistance to change of a company. If company introduce new changes that may directly affect the employees of a company At that time they update them self without any training. The employees of Corus company they had fear about their skills, current teams, and position etcI.3 HabitResistance due to habit occurs when the employees are comfortable in their daily habits and do not want to alter them due to change, because they are already competent and experient person in their own works. explosive changes or alternatives cannot accept to the employees. So it may another course of resistance to change. Employees of Corus Company, they did not change their habits and attitude, so they resist the changes of the companyI.4 Ageing work forceCorus Company has a powerful work force. Lot of skilled and experienced employees are the power of a company. When the company introduced new innovations, technologies, ideas that may affect the workforce of employees. Older employees has very big personal skill and experience, that cannot be transferable. So it may another reason for resistance to change of Corus Company.I.5 Economic factorsEmployee may fear that the change will lead to technological unemployment, because new technology is associated with education of labour intake so they resist the change. When workers resist changing, which will leads to high standards which in turn may reduce the opportunities for bonus or incentive pays. The new changes make disturbance in their work. These all things show the economic factors i n resistance to change.II Organisational SourcesOrganisational changes are activities of transformation or modification of something. The main purpose of these types of activities is improvement of business go away. Organisational changes are not simply the journey from one point to another point. Many barriers will need to be passed in this process. One of the biggest barriers is resistance that is sub component on every organisational change. Managers should have known that there are always people that will resist of a change process. Efficiency and effectiveness of a change process are in direct relation with resistance and undefeatedly transaction with that resistance.So these are the main organisational sources for resistance to changeII.1 Threat to job status or securityJob reductions had been a major problem in the steel industry since the 1970s. At the same time the Corus companys some previous changes had lead to cut jobs. So this is the course for resistance to change of a company. other(a) people didnt see a threat to their job because the business had previously survived difficult times. This is difficult to Corus.II.2 Unexplained changes to the time lineIf the time line o the change process that is spelt out of the beginning of the change process is continually shifted without explanation, employees will lose confidence in the change process and they will not share management vision.II.3 Lack of considerIn an environment where there is a lack to believe, that there will be sinister motive for the change. Furthermore managers who do not imprecate their employees will not allow employees participation in the change process even when it is necessary. So lack of trust is another important factor of resistance to change.So these are the main resistance to change in the Corus Company. From the above reasons employees of the Corus Company did not accept the changes. Directly or indirectly barriers make many problems in the company and also it affec ts whole companys activity. The company also had a long term service experience with experienced employees, but they had lower productivity. For increasing productivity the company add changes and gaining more rewards rather than newer employee. Corus felt that this was an area that needed major changes, so company were suitably rewarded to the employee for higher output.3. Analyse the approaches Corus used to cut through these barriers.Changes are an inevitable factor in any organisation. The effective and challenged loss leaders and management can manage changes, adopting new technology, new innovations etc Yet as inevitable as change may be, it is just as inevitable that there will also be individuals within this organisations who reject any major changes or innovations to their workplace.The barrier shows the efficiency of a company or organisation. Barriers make many problems in the company, but if a company manages theses problems, they can run a business very successfully. Some strategies which can be used to belabor this resistance to change.For example, CSP U.K. The Corus Company faced many problems like cultural issue, kindly issue, economical factors, habit of employees, fear of unknown, limited forces changes etc But the Corus Company overcome the barriers very well, and we can see how Corus Company overcomes the barriers.There are fiver tactics have been suggested for use by change agents in dealing with resistance to change in the Corus company U.KCommunicationThere are two branches of communication, which are communication internally, within the organisation between employees and management and externally between the organisation and suppliers and customers. Organisations that fail to communicate with their customers and suppliers, changes that are in effect can face disastrous consequences. For increasing communication skills the Corus Company introduce new programme The Journey. According to this programme the employees increase their dir ect and indirect communication, for example they provide weekly newsletters and workshops etcParticipationWhere the initiators do not have all the information they need to design the change and where others have considerable power to resist. When employees are involved in the change motility they are more likely to busy into change rather than resist it. This approach is likely to lower resistance and those who merely acquiesce to change. For example, from the suck it was important to the Corus Company to share with employees what might happen to the business if it is did not change. Corus give more important to their employees, also getting everyone to take self-will of the new abide bys by physically signing up to the programme. afterwards that the employee more involved in decision making, works etc and also their experience are recognised. So with the good participation the company can overcome the barriers.Building emotional commitmentToday talent management is the trace imperative, making employee commitment more important than other. The commitment makes a positive energy inside and outside the business organisation. Research on core managers has shown that when managers or employees have emotional commitment to change, they favour the status quo and resist it. For building emotional commitment the Corus Company U.K provide many more programs. Corus provide ownership to their employee. It may more involve in decision making and their contributions. With the help of emotional commitment programme the Corus Company overcome the barriers of change.Implementing changes fairlyThe management seen that the change as positively. But the employees take those changes as negatively. So if a company introduce new changes of their company at the same time they think how to overcome the barriers. For example, in 2005 the Corus Company make a programme for overcome the barriers of change, and also increase employee morale. Around cl workshops were held to sprea d the messages. Fortnightly newspaper clarified these values and repeated the cardinal messages through articles on various activities, such as employees taking part in the redesigning of a control room to improve layout and safety. Billboards, intranet, video programmes and most of all, direct one-to-one conversations all reinforced the messages. And also 1500 senior managers were invited to the millennium Stadium in Cardiff. This programme is impressive venue brocaded expectations. However, they were served ratty tea and give a presentation on a ripped projector screen. So these activities show the implementing changes of Corus Company.Selecting peopleResearch suggests that to ability to easily accept and aline is change is related to personality. Some people simply have more positive attitude towards them self, are willing to take risk and are flexible in their behaviour. Another study found that selecting people ground on a resistance to change scale worked welling winnowin g out those who tended to react emotionally to change or to be rigid.For example, the Corus group typeset many programmes for increasing working mentality of the employees. The journey also raised important questions about how the company managed key issue, such as alcohol or drug misuse. For keep this thing the company makes, all working sites are alcohol free. Understandably, before the change programme, any one pique in this way was likely to face disciplinary action and this is serene the case in most working environment. As a solving in over fifty employees that previously would have lost their jobs be retained in work.These points said that, how the Corus company overcome the barriers to change. In generally, the first key technique to overcome the resistance the barriers is that to work closely with employees. Employees are the main part of a business, so the management make germinal and helpful ideas for their employees otherwise company lost their co-ordination power, employee morale, unity between employees and management. For increasing the self confidence of the employee, the company provide verity programs. In these types of programs Corus company overcome the barriers to change.4. Evaluate the effectiveness of the change programme so far.The changes can make challenges in the world. In the same way without challenges there is no change. Significant organizational change occurs, for example, when an organization changes its overall strategy for success, adds or removes a major section or practice, and/or wants to change the very nature by which it operates. It also occurs when an organization evolves through various feel cycles, just like people must successfully evolve through life cycles. For organizations to develop, they often must undergo significant change at various points in their development.Leaders and managers continually make efforts to accomplish successful and significant change its inherent in their jobs. Some are very good a t this effort, while others continually struggle and fail. Thats often the going away between people who thrive in their roles and those that get shuttled around from job to job, ultimately settling into a role where theyre frustrated and ineffective. There are many schools with educational programs about organizations, business, leadership and management. Unfortunately, there still are not enough schools with programs about how to analyze organizations, identify critically important priorities to incubate and then undertake successful and significant change to address those priorities.Now we are going to evaluate the effectiveness of the change in the Corus Company. Corus Company was formed in 1999 when the former British steel plc integrate with the Dutch company. Now the Corus Company is subsidiary of Indian owned Tata Group. In 1999 Corus has three operating divisions and 40,000employees in world wide. Corus aims to be a leader in the steel industry by providing better produc ts, higher character reference customer service and better value for money than its rivals.In 2005 CSP UK introduced a cultural plan for change called The Journey. The journey change programme at Corus Strip Products contributes to sustainability for the business. By facing up to its internal weakness, CSP has improved efficiency, change magnitude output, lowered costs and reduced waste in an increasingly competitive steel market. This has enabled the business not just to survive but also to grow even during the economic recession of 2008 and 2009. Thanks to the Journey programme, CSP UK expects to reduce costs for the 2009/10 financial year by around 250 million. To make sure that actions delivered results, Corus established clear targets and standards.After the journey Corus Company come across their target. The key performance indicators are given below- Increased their return capacity from 4.5% to 5 million tonnes- They reduce 20% of cost of production- 5000 employees have signed up to the values and beliefs of the business- Another emergence is reduction in absenteeism- The measurable improvements in levels of quality and services for customers- New outcome changes have increased new safety terms- Emissions of carbon paper dioxide has reduced by 10%, so CSP UK exceeds Govt. Standards- As the results of measurable improvements company make challenges in the local communityFor achieving company values and targets, all individuals, departments are prosecute very well. This journey helps to enable further improvement of Corus Company.Individuals, teams and departments all support the improvement culture and are more engaged and committed to achieving company values and targets. This culture shift is of critical value as it will enable further improvement. Corus has implemented top-level security with controlled overture for the 5000+ vehicles which enter the Corus site each day. This provides a new enhanced first appearance experience for employees, contractors and suppliers and demonstrates that Corus Strip Products is now seen as an organisation that is proud of itself.As a men, institution, organisation or a company as if everybody looking for a change. Because we need changes. If they fail to do so they may be left behind by the competition.change management at CPS (Corus Strip Products) UK involved bringing the issues out into the open, confronting barriers to change, winning the commitment, provide moral support to the employees, provide better and effective plan for change an also keep the internal and external relationship to the customers. The journey has helped CSP UK to get a new face in the business field. After the programme employees get more morale power from the top level management, as the result they more attached with their work. The result of the change management programme shows that, the Corus is a sustainable company and it can continue to make profits in spite of the recession.In these things said that the effectiveness of the change programme in the Corus company UK. When the Corus Company introduced new changes in their company, at that time the employee did not accept the changes in their own individual, group and social reasons. But the company overcome the resistance of change very well. This is show that the change may challenge peoples. It may even be seen as a threat. Which company make it as a challenge they must be adopting the changes in their organisation.Word count- 3888

Children With Mental Retardation And Self Esteem Psychology Essay

Children With psychological slowing And Self Esteem psychology EssayThe World Health Organization (WHO) of the United Nations Organization (UNO) in the International Statistical Classification of Disease and Related Health Problems defines affable Retardation asA condition of arrested or in fat using of discernment, which is especiallycharacterized by impairment of skills manifested during the developmental period,skills which contri alonee to the everyplaceall level of intelligence i.e., cognitive langu eld,motor and social abilities. Retardation can occur with or with bring out either mental andphysical condition. (ICD-10, 1992, p176)This condition is also referred as Intellectual Dis office or Developmental Disability. In India cordial Retardation means a condition of arrested or incomplete development of mind of a person which is specially characterized by subnormality of intelligence (Persons with Disabilities Act, 1995, p 5). intuition is a general mental capability. It accepts reasoning, planning, solving problems, thinking abstractly, comprehending complex ideas, learning quickly, and learning from assure. Limitations in intelligence should be considered in the light-hearted of four otherwise dimensions Participation, Inter acts, and Social Roles Health and context Adaptive Behaviour.Intelligence in conjunction with reconciling conduct helps in categorization of the course of Mental Retardation which is conventionally estimated by standardized intelligence block outs and supplemented by surmounts assessing social adaptation in a disposed(p) environment. It provides a more than comprehensive at a lower placestanding of how a baby is able to function at bottom his/her environment. Assessments of reconciling style typically focus on domains such(prenominal) as communication, egotism c are skill, and inter in the flesh(predicate) consanguinitys. Further, these change over season, and, however poor people whitethorn improve a s a result of training and rehabilitation.By these measures an boisterous indication of the degree of mental retardant can be diagnosed viz., bats Mental Retardation count on IQ betray of 50 to 69 (in adults, mental age from 9 to under12 years) Moderate Mental Retardation approximate IQ range of 35 to 49 (in adults, mental age from 6 to under 9 years) Severe Mental Retardation approximate IQ range of 20 to 34 (in adults, mental age form 3 to under 6 years). Pro set Mental Retardation IQ under 20 (in adults, mental age is below 3 years). (ICD-10, 1992)Behaviour involves action which is discernible, measurable in terms of motor, cognitive and emotion (Peswaria and Venkatesan, 1992). Some of the demeanor is directly observable, while some are non directly observable as they are abstract and can sole(prenominal) be interpreted. For example, halcyon cannot be seen directly, but it could be interpreted done behaviour, such as smile, laugh, etc. Some of our behaviour is directly measurable can be directly counted or numbered then it is measurable, while some are not directly measurable.Behaviour is seldom function of only one stimulus. But, it is a function of many stimuli converging upon the organism at any given cartridge clip. These many stimuli and their link up traces interact with one another and their synthesis determines behaviour. exclusively the socially accepted behaviour has the cognitive, motor and emotional component, which help to comport a better accommodative behaviour.Adaptive behaviour has sire and change order of magnitude important c at a timept in the assessment and treatment of separate with cognitive disabilities. In simple words adaptation means change over time to improve fitness or accuracy. It dependent upon both developmental position and cultural expectations e.g. assess performance in school, the ability to care for once self at home, interacting with peers and adults, and levels of independence in a variety of setti ngs.It draws in concert a persons cognitive and constitution characteristics. This is the collection of conceptual, social and practical skills that founder been learned by hatful in order to function in their everyday lives. It can be understood as the carrying out of an individual in his or her environment.It involves socialisation process by establishing satisfactory relationship with other people and conforming to the cultural standards. It also involves learning that other people are necessary and becoming dependent on them. nearly as soon as this awareness develops, however, infants must begin to force out in the direction of establishing independence. Social immaturity in adults is both a societal problem and also a personal problem for impact individuals, their families, and their employers. Social immaturity either plays an important role in maintaining dual mental disorders or is in fact what defines those disorders. This is particularly true of the dramatic-errat ic personality disorders, including Narcissism, Borderline, Histrionic and probably also Antisocial Personality Disorders. Social immaturity is also quite ofttimes associated with long term alcoholism and/or drug abuse which began in youth, and is frequently encountered by therapists treating clients who have been ab utilize as babyren. In short, Adaptive behaviour is the process through which the unsanded born child is m hoared in to culture and hence become an acceptable person in the society (AAMR, 2002).In addition, we have spy or so of parents having child with mental retardation have came across such incidences in their life facing some or the other difficulties ascribable to the adaptive behaviour of their children. Whenever, these difficulties either solved or not resoluted, people around us spark pulling our legs. We can react differently to these situations depending on our individual differences. One can get aggressive and start abusing or other can gently smile a nd accept the possibility and reply accordingly for e.g. walking on the road you met a eery who is very young and humble gentleman in his conversation, gets comments that you are old man. In these situations this gentleman should start using abusive language but he smiles gently and replies Thank you For calling me an old man, because this contains the wisdom of Life. It reveals his proud Self Esteem. Self evaluate is a personal judgment of virtuousness expressed in the attitudes of a person holds toward the self. When it comes to the parents having children with mental retardation most of them are depressed due their child condition, without accepting the fact that their child is special.Self have in mind is considered to be the central aspect of psychological functioning (Taylor and Br induce, 1998 Wylie, 1979 Crocker and Major, 1989). It reflects a persons overall evaluation or appraisal of his or her own worth. This encompasses beliefs and emotions such as triumph, despair , pride and shame. A persons self- adore is revealed in their carriage, through assertiveness, shyness, confidence or caution. It is distinct from self-confidence and self-efficacy, which involve beliefs about ability and future performance.Rosenberg (1960) and social-learning theorists defines self- obedience in terms of a stable experience of personal worth or worthiness this became the most frequently used definition for research, but involves problems of boundary-definition, making self- admire indistinguishable from such things as narcissism or simple bragging.Self esteem is strongly think to many other variables (Diener, 1984 Crocker and Major, 1989). Behaviour and self esteem are virtually linked. Better adaptive behaviour leads to better self esteem (Crocker and Major, 1989). If any deficit in the adaptive behaviour which ruptures the self esteem influences the fictitious character of life, self image, body image due to which an individual goes into feeling of negativit y. colony on others leads to depression, behaviour problem and antisocial behaviour hence change the Self Esteem.REVIEW OF LITERATUREZigman, Schupf, Urv,Zigman and Silverman (2002) have discovered monumental rectify in adults with Down syndrome increase from less(prenominal) than .04 at age 50 to .67 by age 72, and in adults with mental retardation without Down syndrome increased from less than .02 at age 50 to .52 at age 88. Moreover, adults experience overall decline in behaviors which were identified base upon the sequence and magnitude of changes, suggesting a pattern of loss not unlike that is noted in the population without mental retardation with dementia.Fidler, Hepburn and Rogers (2006) explained similar patterns in kids and adult with low syndrome on relative strength and weakness which includes stronger social skills, weaker expressive language, and poor motor coordination. Socialization strengths differentiated the Down syndrome group from the mixed developmental d isabilities group.Prasher and Haque (1998) have examined the underlying factors for age- tie in decline in adaptive behavior for over a period of 3 year and the presence of dementia was the only determining factor, but difference in trend over time as compared to subjects without dementia was not significant. thither no association was found among gender, sensory loss, severity of mental retardation, or place of residence hall and also no decline was seen among the subjects not having any significant physical or psychological disorder.Mervis, Tasman, Mastin (2001) have revealed that the domains of socialization and communication are correlated elevatedly whereas daily living skills and motor skills are comparatively weak. Further, it was found that socialization skills was more advanced than communication skills, and that within the socialization domain, interpersonal skills is stronger than play/leisure or coping skills. Adaptive behavior standard score was not related to chron ological age.Hatton et al. (2003) have revealed that adaptive behavior skills increased steadily and gradually over time among children with less autistic behavior and higher percentages of FMPR expression showed better performance on all areas of adaptive behavior. Children without autistic behavior displayed higher scores and rates of growth on the Daily Living Skills domain, with the lowest scores in Socialization.Campbell, Adams and Dobson (1984) studied a non clinical group of families and concluded that in families where there were low levels of independence and high levels of emotional tie-in, young adults tended to right away adopt family values with little exploration in career and relationships decisions, they referred to these phenomena as individuality foreclosure or premature commitments.Barber and Eccles (1992) explored that there is small differences between children in divorced and intact families in cognitive performance, delinquency and self-esteem, these differ ences frequently disappear when confounding and mediating variables are controlled. Further, they explained that family interaction impact on identity consolidation which is linked to educational, occupational goals and gender role related behaviors associated with marriage, family and personal line of credit plans. In addition, possible benefits as well as potential be of living with a single mother are influenced by agnatic employment, family process differences, parental attitudes and expectations.THE PRESENT STUDYAge appropriate certain child increasingly becomes independent as they grow older getting the self-help skills through a combination of imitativeness and iron departed determination to be independent. For the handicap child however, the acquisition of these skills may not be so belatedly without special teaching he may remain dependent on help from others at almost every moment of an ordinary day. A child with better adaptive skills pay offs the child lives ind ependently and their parents to be in high self esteem state.The significance of the get will mark the need to raise our eyebrows and call for concrete steps to improve their self Esteem and help them to alienate their feeling of negativity and helplessness. This would help them to make efforts for the betterment of their life. Participation in such efforts of both governmental and non-governmental agencies at macro and micro level is essential.In addition, researcher had observed based on the review of literature availability of research on adaptive behaviour and self esteem documented in the literature in western context. But, hardly able to discover any cogitation related to the adative behaviour and self esteem in Indian context, which proposes the gap necessary to fill. The investigator came up with the research problem to count the relationship of adaptive behaviour of Children with Mental Retardation and Self esteem of their Parents.ObjectiveTo study relationship of adapt ive behaviour of Children with Mental Retardation and Self esteem of their parents.To study differences in self esteem among the parent with respect to their gender.To study lay out of childs level of retardation on self esteem of their parents.To study effect of child gender on self esteem of their parents. guessingThere will be no significant relationship between adaptive behaviour of Children with Mental Retardation and Self esteem of their parents.There will be no significant difference in self esteem of the parent with respect to their Gender.There will be no significant effect of childs level of retardation on self esteem of their parents.There will be no significant effect of child gender on self esteem of their parents.METHODParticipantsIt will include all the children with mental retardation and their Parents who are coming to visit self-directed government institutes, non government organizations puddleing in the field of disability rehabilitation. The elements conside red for the seek will include individual diagnosed as mental retardation and assessed on standardized Intelligence test by self or by an expert working in the field of disability rehabilitation and their Parents having high or low self esteem. The size of the savour comprises of 200 children with Mental Retardation and their Parents with high or low self esteem. Age range of children with mental retardation will be between 6 to 18 years. In addition, student below 6 years and above 18years associated psychiatric or medical conditions and persons with learning disabilities, cerebral palsy and locomotor disability will be excluded from the study. The study will use multi-mixed method and it will be cross-sectional in nature where it primary aims is to see the effect and establish relationship between variables. Multiple methods help to give complete analysis of the research as almost all the aspects can be covered through it (Silverman, 2000). Non-Probability Judgemental sampling te chnique will be employed. performanceEthical issues regarding the data collection and participation of the subject will be considered. info will be collected from the children with mental retardation and their parents using adaptive behaviour scale and self esteem inventory respectively. The data from the sample will be collected in two phase. var. -I the children will be assessed for their Retardation, Adaptive Behaviour and Level of Retardation or already diagnosed by an expert will be assessed on adaptive behaviour and their parents will be employed on the Self esteem Inventory. Phase -II parent of children with mental retardation having no self esteem or not responded to the questions will be eliminated from the study, only with high or low self esteem will be included in the study.MeasuresDevelopmental Screening sieve (DST). This was adopted by Dr. Bharat Raj (1977) form capital of Colorado Developmental Screening Test (1969), at All India Institute of lyric and Hearing (AIISH), Mysore. It measures mental development from birth to 15 years. It is a proficient assessment without requiring the use of performance Test. Appraisal is done by a semi structured interview with the child and parent or a person well acquainted with the child. It has 88 items distributed according to the age scale viz. 3, 6, 9, 1year 6 month, 2 year to 13 year and last 15 year. At early stage motor behaviour items are kept. It signifies neurological and integrative behavioural implication which constitutes the natural starting heighten for development itself. Items of Adaptive Behaviour represent sensory-motor adjustment to object, person and situation.Binet- Kamet Test of Intelligence (BKT). This is adopted by Kamet (1934) from Stanford-Binet Scale of Intelligence. Burt (1939) comments that Binet scale is more effectual for the diagnosis of mental retardation more than any other test of intelligence. Its correlation co-efficient is higher than 0.7 and validity was found by comparing the IQ as metrical by this test with estimated IQ by the teacher is 0.5.It is an age scale which extends from 3 years to 22 years as follows- 3 years to 10 years then 12 years, 14 years, 16 years, 19 years and 22 years. It measures ability that increase with age during childhood and adolescence. The test consists of 14 set for different age with 6 items and alternatives ranging between 1to 3. The test is administered individually to each subject. It measures the factors viz., Vocabulary, memory, imagery, reasoning, practical judgments, sensation, comprehension, perception of form, similarities, comparisons, and monovular judgments (Madhavan, Kalyan, Naidu, Peshwaria and Narayan, 1989)Vineland Social Maturity Scale (VSMS). It is adopted from Doll (1935) by A. J. Malin for measurement adaptive behaviour of children between 1yr -15 yrs for Indian population. Scale consists of 89 items fete in the age range of 0-15 year. It has 8 domains and assesses the childs adapti ve behaviour. The administration is carried out in the semi structured informal atmosphere.Experiments have shown a consonant and high correlation between VSMS Social Age (SA) and a Binet Mental Age. Doll (1935) reported a correlation of .96 on a sample of normal children. The subscale is -Self-Help full general, Self-Help Eating, Self- Help Dressing, Self Direction, Occupation, Communication, Locomotion, and Socialization.Self Esteem Inventory (SEI). unquestionable by Coopersmith (1986), is designed to measure evaluative attitudes toward the self in social, family and personal areas of experience. It has three forms viz., adult form, School Short Form and School Form. It consists of 58 items 50 self esteem items and 8 items constitute the Lie Scale. The self-esteem items yield a total score and if desired, separate scores subscales General Self, Social Self etc. The subscales allow for variances in perceptions of self-esteem in different areas of experience. The present study u ses the adult form.Data AnalysisData analysis will be carried out by using SPSS software16 version. The self esteem inventory will be standardized to use in Indian context, through various methods such as item to item total correlation will be applied to check the inhering consistency of the questionnaires. Reliability test will apply to measure the reliableness of the questionnaires. The relationship of adaptive behaviour of children with mental retardation and self esteem of their parents will be measurable by correlation, single linear Regression. The comparison of self esteem among male and female will be measured through t- Test. Differences with respect to level of retardation will be measured through ANOVA.REFRENCESA manual of american association for mental retardation (AAMR), 2002Barber, B.L. Eccles, J.S. (1992). Long term influence of divorce and singleparenting on adolescents family and work related values, behavior and aspiration.Psychological Bulletin, 111 (1), 108 126Campbell, E. Adams, G.R., Dobson, W.R. (1984). Familial correlates of identityformation in late adolescent A study of the predictive utility of connectedness andindividuality in family relations. diary of Youth and Adolescents, 13, 509-525.Coopersmith, S. (1986). Self Esteem Inventories manual (4th Ed.). ConsultingPsychologists Press, Inc. Palo Alto, California.Crocker, J. and Major, B. (1989). Social stigma and self esteem The self- protectiveproperties of stigma. Psychological Review, 96 (4), 608-630.Deiner, E. (1984). Subjective well being. Psychological Bulletin, 95, 542-575.Fidler, D.J., Hepburn, S., Rogers, S. (2006). Early learning and adaptive behaviourin toddlers with Down syndrome evidence for an emerging behaviouralphenotype. Down Syndrome inquiry and Practice, 9, 37-44.Hatton, D.D.,Wheeler, A.C., Skinner, M.L., Bailey, D. B., Sullivan, K.M., Roberts,J.E., Mirrett, P., Clark R.D.(2003). Adaptive behavior in children with fragile xsyndrome. American Journal on Me ntal Retardation, 108, 373-390.Madhvan, T., Kalyan, M., Naidu,S., Peshawaria, R.,Narayan, J. (1989). Mentalretardation A manual for psychologists. internal Institute for the MentallyHandicapped, Secunderabad.Malin,A.J. (1965), Manual of vineland social maturity scale.Mervis, C.B., Tasman, B.P.K., Mastin,M.E. (2001). Adaptive behavior of 4- through8-year-old children with Williamss syndrome. American Journal on MentalRetardation, 106, 82-93.Prasher, V.P., Haque, M.S. (1998). Longitudinal changes in adaptive behavior inadults with Down syndrome interim findings from a longitudinal study. AmericanJournal on Mental Retardation, 103, 40-46.Person with Disability Act, (1995). The publish of India, 5Peshawaria, R., Venkatesan, S. (1992). Behaviour in children with mental handicapbehavioural onward motion in teaching mentally retarded children A manual forteacher. theme Institute for the Mentally Handicapped, Secunderabad.Raj, B. (1977). A manual of developmental screening test.Rosenber g, M. (1965). fellowship and adolescent self-esteem. Princeton NJ PrincetonUniversity Press.Silverman, D. (2000). Doing qualitative research. A practical handbook. London sage-green Publications.Taylor, S. E. Brown, J. (1988). Illusion and well being Some social psychological parcel to a theory of mental health. Psychological Bulletin, 103, 193-210.Zigman, W.B, Schupf, N., Urv, T. , Zigman, A. and Silverman, W. (2002) Incidenceand temporal patterns of adaptive behavior change in adults with mentalretardation. American Journal on Mental Retardation, 107,161-174.World Health Organization (1992), International Classification of Diseases andrelated health problem Tenth revision (ICD-10), Geneva.Wylie, R. (1979). The Self Concept (Vol. 2). Lincon University of northeastward Press.

Founding Of The Ryanair Airline Company

Founding Of The Ryanair air passage guildIn 1985 Cathal and Declan Ryan has founded the ac beau monde. The airway started with a fifteen (15) seater Embraer Bandeirante turboprop aircraft and it was flying in the midst of Gatwick London and Waterford. On that cadence London-Ireland flights held by Aer Lingus and BA (British Airways). The company added a spic-and-span route between Dublin and London in 1986 and competition started with the AL/BA duopoly. Company was ref subprogramd by the government of Ireland, but the conservative government of UK has approved this saucily service. According to some analysis Company was generating the loss instead of salary but the mean meter number of customers plusd frequently. By 1991 company started to thinking about to fire discolouration air lane emolumentable and this task has been presumptuousness to the Michael OLeary. Ryan the founder of company suggested and encouraged Micheal to study the US air pedigree mold No Frill/Low F atomic number 18s), which was using by the reciprocal ohmwest Airline in US and after that the model was implement in the Ryanair. In 1995 at the completion of 10 year of the company, the Ryanair was carrying 2.25 million passengers. Ryanair overtakes the Air Lingus in the same year and became largest passengers air hose between Dublin and London and largest airline on any route in the Ireland. legation statementMission of Ryanair isProvide Low come in Rate travelling at in all the time for all the routes.Key service commitmentPuncualityObjectivesRynair believes on the side by side(p) factorsOne way reservation to make flexible sink for the passengers.By controlling equipment monetary value, personal crossingivity and customer service hail run cost keep depleted.For peer groups trump out customer service obligate shor-haul routes frequently point-to-point flights.Flight confirmation and reservation system availability on the internet.No compromise on safety and tinc ture importanttenance of airplanesBy using ancillary service enhancement of operating results.Focusing on the criteria of Growth, like much routes and increased frequency.External synopsisPolitical abridgmentRyanair operates through and throughout the Europe and any semipolitical changes in any res publica do-nothing be effect the system of Ryanair. Ryanair has some dispute on each(prenominal) passenger flew at refreshfulquay Airport with Cornwall Country Council.Tax insurance policy is another issue for Ryanair which pile be create problems for the company.Another political issue regarding the cash back that European Law is to off the beaten track(predicate)e return if any domiciliatefulcellation of the flight. This is not a big issue for Ryanair beca accustom Ryanair primary(prenominal)tains their utmost quality service.An announcement by the government of Ireland To break up the state monopoly whitethorn be brought some questions in European airline industry. Ho wever, if this plan implemented then Ryanair brush off be seriously impact It may hold on Ryanair future expansion in the Ireland. Economic analysisRyanair is European base company and so many of its operations ar not affected by the exchange rate, as single currency operates many of these countries.The yet economical issue can the determine of Oil, as Oil price are increasing frequently, this can be effect the low fare strategy of the company.The taxation policy bring negative impact on the employees of the company as Europen Union has announced EU deleted duty-free on intra-EU.Social abridgmentEuropean Union is and economic union of 27 countries. They developed a single securities industry and single currency for exchange. A large number of people travel e very day from unrivalled country to another country so they need a best solution and cheap fare travelling which is provided by the Ryanair.Technology AnalysisRyanair is taking the best advantage of technology by p roviding solution through the internet. But this trend is growing in the European Airline perseverance and other airlines are establishing their website. By using the technology Ryanair save cost and open up revenue like advertisement income. Environment AnalysisGreenhouse emission is the big issue which is facing by Ryanair. Ryanair strategy has a positive environmental impact. At present, aviation accounts for roughly 5% of the UKs emissions, but this is pass judgment to rise to 25% by 2030 (Economist 200535).The other main environmental issue is noise, the 737-800 ordain to reduce this issue.Legal AnalysisThe reiterated govern against illegal state subsidies hoped to be establish fair deal for the airline industry of Europe. EU decision was based on non-discrimination legislation preventing drome from offering differential deal to different airline operators. On the contrary, Ryanair may need to re buy off penalty for breaking rule.Porters Five Forces Analysis talk terms pow er of suppliersRyanairs main suppliers are Boeing. Two possible suppliers of planes for Ryanair in the market are Airbus and Boeing but Ryanairs main supplier is Boeing.Tring to switch supplier would be very costly because pilots would have to trained for the current mechanics. Ryanair controls aviation displace through prevarication Price. downcast and regional airports can have puny bargaining power as compare to big and commercial airports because they sole(prenominal) dependent on one airline. Ryanair avoid big airports and work from regional airports such as Stainsted and Gatwick.dicker Power of CustomersCustomers are price sensitive. It is very easy for customer to switch from one airline to other airline. payable to the increasing trend of reservation through internet customer can easily change airline. Ryanair is providing very low fare to customers but customers are not loyal.Threat of New EntrantsRynair can handle this issue by following these steps Put Some barrier s and obstacles to new-sprung(prenominal)entry Availability of some cut back slots make more difficult to find fitting airports for new entrants. By Starting price war. emulous RivalryThere is very high competition in the market. Too many service providers are in the rivalry. Ryanair has first mover advantage in this market bacuase when they started the service their was no service providers but now there are many airlines in the competition with Ryanair.3. Ryanairs Resources and CapabilitiesResourcesRyanair has following threshold resources1. Financial Resources2. Hub Set up in Regional Airports3. Number of AircraftsFollowing unique resources make Ryanair distinguish from their competitors1. Website2. Boeing 737 Aircrafts3. chief operating officer Michael O Leary4. Award of Best managed Airline5. Dedicated Team of centering6. Ryanair Direct LimitedCompetencesThreshold CompetencesLow FaresAdvanced Reservation bodyBaggage handlingOn time serviceOperating expanses in Euro Currenc yAdvertising and ancillary services salesCore Competences1. in force(p) Staff Low costs of module training2. Fast Turnaound time management3. Free Seat Givaways No fares4. Good Quality work No15. Third party service outsourcing6. Performance related pay coordinate7. Labour costs start out than rivals.4. strategical SituationSWOT Analysis of Ryanairs EnvironmentStrengths of the Company Brand nameRyanair has very well recognize brand name in the LCC market.Low airport chargesRyanair has advantage of low charges for airport.First moverThis advantage acts as a barrier to new entryBookings on the InternetMore than 94% booking on the internet contributes in low cost distributionAircrafts-BoeingRyanair has A coherent fleet for maintenance.High performancePunctuality, low baggage loss.Utilization of AircraftBy keep maintaining Ryanair is able to flies longer and generating more revenue from assets.Small headquartersLow on overheadsWeaknesses of the CompanyNiche market restrict ex pansion possibilityDistance of AirportsMany regional airports are far from advertised destination. veers in-charges frequentlyOpportunitiesThere is a lot of new destinations expected to open as European Union is going to be cast upThe market share would be doubled as there is appease potential in the company to capture market share.Recession can dish out as Ryanair offers low fare cost and can taking into custody the new customers as economy is slow down.Threats for the CompanyIncreasing price of oil is a big threat for company as provide costs depend on the oil market. Low fare competition is increased Europena court dicision can make more difficult to make expansion. Growth in the South European market is limited Bargaining power increases on regional airports Customers are price sensitive5. Strategic choice.Options1. Low cost strategies- First Otion is to Continue the low cost strategy to remain top of the greet Leadership2. New Investment New investment can be do for mode rnised fleet. Will call on more equivalented with only one model (737-800) which leads to cheap maintenance. Ryanair would use the next generation aircraft Boeing 737-800 as an opportunity to rejuvenate the image of the company. By using new quality infrasture and Boeing 737-800 the perception can be made false which is Ryanair is los cost service, it is also a low quality service. Change in uniform can increase the confident betoken of ply and provide a good change for the customers. It depart be devilpenny relatively and testament not effect the companys equity in coarse range and companys price leadership strategy will not be destroyed.3. New markets Look for the new places in the Europe to expand the business.Michael Porters generic wine wine StrategiesFor Ryanair to obtain a sustainable combative advantage, Michael Porter suggests that any company/organisation can follow either one of three generic strategies. dodging 1 appeal Leadership. strategy 2 Differentiat ion Strategy 3 Niche strategies Are you Stuck in the middle?Opt. 1Cost Leadership StrategyTo enhance growth of the company Ryanair should occupy Cost leadership strategy which is provided by the Porters Generic Strategy.Cost Leadership could be done in the following ways Increasing profits by reducing the costs, while charging industry-average prices.Increasing market share through charging lower prices, while still making a reasonable profit on each sale due to reduced costs.Bowmans Strategy ClockThe Strategy Clock is based upon the work of Cliff Bowman (see C. Bowman and D. Faulkner Competitive and Corporate Strategy Irwin 1996). This is an appropriate way to analyze a companys competitive position in comparison to the offerings of competitors.Ansoff hyaloplasmAnsoffs Product/Market MatrixOpt. 1 Opt. 2Opt. 3Market PenetrationOption 1Market penetration technique can used in the watercourse market with current brand or result.By repositioning the brand and or promoting the pr oducts Ryanair can increase its revenue.Product DevelopmentOption 2 Product development means bringing a new product in the existing market. This is where Ryanair will market their newest investment. Ryanair would lounge a new product to the existing market this will help to increase the lucrativeness of the company and awareness of new brand can bring more customers towards the organisation.Market DevelopmentHere, Ryanair would try to open up new markets perhaps some where in the Europe and can provide current product or service to those markets.Implementation Methods of OptionsThe Following is a table demonstrate the three picks chosen to a higher place and the instruction execution method chosen for each picking.OptionImplementation Method ProposedContinuation of low cost strategies constitutional Growth2- 2-Investment in modernised fleet, which leads to less expensive maintenance primitive GrowthTry to expand the European markets to accommodate more European countries and also open new markets servicing parts of North America, South America and the Caribbean total GrowthFigure 4 Table cover Options and the Implementation method proposedOrganic growthOrganic growth refers to the growth that achieved by internally investments made by the firm inside the organization. Organic growth is rate of business expansion through increasing the output and sales as opposed to acquisitions and take-over by the other organisation.There are some benefits of this methodLatest TechnologyCost Spreadselection of LocationNo Inappropriate Cultural HistoryThe above options can be evaluated for suitability, acceptability and feasibility and then these can be successfully implemented.Suitability means wheather a strategy fulfil the conductments those are take to remain operating an organisation. Moreover whether the chosen options are in the line of mission, vision and objective of the organisation.To test suitability following should be drivenExamine whether the organi sation possess the key resources to pursue the option.Analysis of the organisations foreign environment, whether the option is suited for the organisation.Determine the competitive advantage and if go forth with the option would it lead the organisation to a good financial performance.2. acceptablenessacceptability concerned with the expected performance outcome of the strategy.A financial risk analysis should be done here.The effectiveness of the impact on the followingEmployees Bankers Customers Suppliers Stakeholders Shareholders 3. FeasibilityFeasibility examines the following options Internal constraints which would restrict the implementation of the option and also the weakness that would constrict the option Would the option purify performance level within the resources? What resources are possessed and additional requirements to pursue the options Commitment from managers and human resource and the physical constraints e.g. industry-rights and air-space legislation.Suit ability Life regular recurrence AnalysisLife Cycle Analysis showing Ryanairs positionThe above figure shows the Life Cycle Analysis for Ryanair. Ryanair is providing services from the last deuce decades and we can say that the company is in its maturity stage, it can be seen from the above figure.Keeping continue low cost strategies Ryanair can increase the sales and defiantly profitability of the organisation can be increased.Ryanair should use the next generation aircraft as an opportunity and new make uniform can be give the better dynamic look of the organisation. mode change is playing a critical role. Due to change of mode Eastern Europ contries are becoming tour places and attracting the visitor to there. Thousand of visitors are travelling to Eastern countries every year just for only see the places. Skyroute aviation has already started flights for some of these places but still there are opportunities for Ryanair.Value Chain AnalysisInfrastructureHRMTechn.Dev.Procureme ntInbound operations Outbound Marketing ServiceLogistics Logistics SalesFigure 6 An example of Ryanairs Value ChainThe main core competencies of Ryanair are Their unique cost cutting policy Robustness CultureImplementation of option 1Continue following the low cost strategies, takes into consideration all of Ryanairs main core competencies. In terms of robustness, competitors of Ryanair can imitate but if not implemented in the right way, could prove detrimental to competitors.Implemention of Option 2 New Investment New investment for modrnised fleet, leads to cheap maintenance will work more uniformed with only one model (737-800). bountiful make out of finance should be needed for the option because buying new aircraft is not a cheaper solution. But Ryanair can afford this solution and can go ahead with thic option. Being such a large airline, with three hundred million profit only in 2007 and having a high level of dominance in the European market, this option proves to be t he most suitable for the organisation.Option 3 New Markets By expanding business into new market can be profitable as we discussed above in this get across there are some opportunities in Eastern European countries where a large scale of profit can be seen easily. Ryanair should go for it and by expanding business into new countries and new markets within the Europe will help to generate a large amount of profit.The most Suitable strategic option to be implemented is Option 2 Investment in modernised fleet, which leads to less expensive maintenance will become more uniformed with only one model (737-800), also newer planes will require less maintenance.AcceptabilityOption 2 New Investment Acceptability for option 2 which leads to less expensive maintenance will become more uniformed with only one model (737-800), also newer planes will require less maintenance.This is large profit generating option and the return will almost one and a half quantify the profit of 2007.The aim of pr oduct development is to fulfil the requirements and follow the changes need by the customers. To firm the customers about the service of Ryanair that Ryanair is providing them a better quality service as compare to others. In this option Ryanair also introduced a new fashioned uniform for the employees so they can savour change and this will mannikin a good relationship between customers and staff.Benefit to StakeholdersFollowing this option all shareholders will get benefit because their share value will increase. Banks also get benefit in terms of large amount need to implement this option, so bank defiantly will involve.By following this option public perception accordingly get changed. They feel the change as new uniformed aircrafts, fleets and new dressed staff is ready to welcoming them at airport and airplanes.FeasibilityOption two is perfect for the company because Ryanair possess all the resources which are needed for the option such as finance.The above diagram shows th e 2055 to 2008 there was two times growth in Ryanairs revenue and more than 50 percent profit increase. So it is cleare that financial capabilities of Ryanair can support this option and hence it is viable for the company.Ryanair is paying better to their employees over the last year. The employees of Ryanair are getting highst pay among other airlines operating in Europe. With the implementation of option 2 Ryanair can continue to provide hundreds of new jobs and tens of promotional opportunities.Ryanair is a Europes major airline which is 50% cheaper than any other European airline. Ryanair is continue to grow. Accordint to IATA (Internation Air captivate Association Ryanair is worlds largest international airline which carries Largent international passengers.

Management Structures And Organization Of Hotels

charge Structures And Organization Of HotelsThis module introduces the fundamental concepts of hotel acts. It will help students to acquire the basic knowledge about the hotel business and its operations prior to acquiring to a greater extent(prenominal) knowledge in the field The learner should read the ATHE resources, pack the recommended schoolbook book on this unit and in in all case do their own investigate. larn Outcomes and Assessment CriteriaCentres argon free to offer this the reserves development each path of delivery that meets the pauperisms of their learners. This may be through traditional classroom teaching, open learning, distance learning or a combination of these. any(prenominal) mode of delivery is customd, center fields must ensure that learners stir appropriate price of admission to the resources identified in the detailations and to the subject specia magnetic inclinations deliveringthe units. This is particularly important for learners study ing for the qualification through openor distance learning. The invoke and seminar nones allowd below argon for guidance and it is up to the centre whether they use these or alternative ones. The questions at the end of each unit will form the evidence of understanding. reading Outcomes and Assessment Criteria1. pull in how to categorise the incompatible levels of focal point.1.1 rationalise how the first eminence c ar level differs from middle anxiety level.1.2 Differentiate the descriptor of functions of soulfulness who departs at go past perplexity level.2. attend management expressions and the fashion in which the hotel is organised.2.1 formulate the nature and destiny of management structure in a vauntingly hotel.2.2 Describe and illustrate an organisational structure fitting for a culture fair coatd hotel in a city centre.3. get wind the brilliance of maintaining distinct typesetters cases of nourishment services inwardly a hotel.3.1 realize the distinguishable types of room service available for diet and beverage.3.2 go the management of regimen service in a enceinte hotel. 4. Understand how to appraise the versatile control systems within a study international hotel.4.1 Formulate contrastive ship bedal of cralimentation and storing data in a hotel.4.2 Understand the unhomogeneous instructions of pecuniary control systems in a specific hotel.Introduction to Hotel heed Suggested Lesson Plan1. Understand how to categorise the una equal levels of management.1.1 Explain how the first store management level differs from middle management level.SeminarIn this seminar the subscriber should converse with the students about two disparate seam omnibuss as an example part of first identify management and middle bill management call on the carpetThis lecture should concentrate on front line ply should be highly skilled. concourse dealionThe lector should ask the students to pick the work schedule of a La undry jitney, where teamwork was working and was disrupted by different factors, then facilitate a tidings around this.1.2 Differentiate the variety of functions of someone who works at top management level. rideExplain the variety of functions in a liberal hotel and identify the top management ones.Seminar dispute the paragraph belowA manager may be obligated for one functional bea, just now the general manager is responsible for all aras. Most commonly, the term general manager refers to any executive director who has overall responsibility for managing twain the revenue and cost elements of a companys income statement. This is a lot referred to as profit loss (PL) responsibility. This means that a general manager commonly over conditions intimately or all of the hotels trade and sales functions as wellhead as the day-to-day operations of the hotel. Frequently, the general manager is in addition responsible for leading or coordinating the strategic throwning func tions of the company.In galore(postnominal) cases, the general manager of a hotel is given a different semi ballock title or titles. Most corporate managers holding the titles of principal executive officer (CEO) or president, for example, argon the general managers of their respective businessesSeminarDiscuss the duties of a general managerIn hotels, the usual theater director is the executive manager responsible for the overall operation of a hotel establishment. The habitual four-in-hand holds ultimate authority over the hotel operation and usually reports directly to a corporate office or hotel owner. Common duties of a customary theatre director include hiring and management of a management team, overall management of hotel ply, budgeting and financial management, creating and enforcing business objectives and goals, managing projects and renovations, management of emergencies and some other study issues involving guests, wageees, or the facility, ordinary dealin gs with the media, local governments, and other businesses, and many additional duties. The extent of duties of a hotel General motorcoach vary significantly depending on the size of the hotel and company for example, General Managers of smaller hotels may retain additional duties such(prenominal) as accounting, merciful resources, payroll, purchasing, and other duties that would usually be handled by other managers or surgical incisions in a larger hotel.Group DiscussionDiscuss issues brought up at the lecture and how will this differ with smaller hotels.2. Understand management structures and the way in which the hotel is organised.2.1 Explain the nature and necessity of management structure in a large hotel spill the beansLecturer will use the adjacent structure and rationalise to students.A typical organizational chart for a mid-scale to large hotelGeneral ManagerAssistant Manager or trading operations Manager film director of Room OperationsFront Office ManagerGuest Rela tions Manager(s)Concierge ManagerFront Desk ManagerPBX SupervisorReservations ManagerBell Services ManagerExecutive HousekeeperHousekeeping Manager(s)Director of gross sales sellingSenior Sales ManagerSales Manager(s)Sales Coordinator ply ManagerRevenue ManagerConvention Services Manager(s)Director of victuals BeverageRestaurant Manager(s)Room Service ManagerBar ManagerBanquet ManagerChief EngineerDirector of Human ResourcesDirector of SecuritySpa Recreation ManagerAccounting Manager / ascendenceGroup DiscussionDiscuss issues brought up at the lecture and how this structure will differ with smaller hotels.2.2 Describe and illustrate an organisational structure suitable for a medium sized hotel in a city centreSeminarStudents will use the organisational chart shown above and then design a flow chart for a smaller hotel.3. Understand the importance of maintaining different types of food services within a hotel.3.1 analyse the different types of food service available for food and beverage.LectureTeacher should explain the different types of food services available and students should then write down examples and the type of person who uses them, e.g. business lunch or quick snack. Students can use notes below.There are various types of food services. Restaurants fall into several attention classification based upon menu style, preparation methods and set. Additionally, how the food is served to the customer helps to project the classification.Historically, restaurant referred only to roles that provided tables where one sat down to eat the meal, typically served by a waiter. Following the rise of fast food and take-out restaurants, a retronym for the older standard restaurant was created, sit-down restaurant. Most commonly, sit-down restaurant refers to a casual dine restaurant with table service instead than a fast-food restaurant where one orders food at a counter. sit down restaurants are a frank deal further categorized as family-style or fo rmal.In British English, the term restaurant al about al ways means an eating establishment with table service, so the sit-down qualification is not usually necessary. Fast food and takeaway (takeout) outlets with counter service are not normally referred to as restaurants. Outside of North-America the terms Fast casual-dining restaurants, Family style, and Casual dining are not used. Junk food establishments would also not often be referred to as a restaurant.Group discussionAfter some(prenominal) the Seminar and Lecture the tutor/lecturer should ask the students to write down any questions they lease and partake in researching those questions. The students should then bring those questions and research they take hold undertaken to a smaller group where debate and questioning should be boost3.2 Analyse the function of food and beverage service in a large hotel. LectureExamine the roles of the Food and Beverage department for a hotel business.The Food and Beverage (FB) departmen t in a hotel is responsible for the operation and maintenance of the dining rooms, restaurants. room service (if available), and the bespeaks of any other function such as a meeting or caller that might desire food and beverages.SeminarWhat is the difference in the management of food and beverage services offered by a large hotel compared to a budget hotel.4. Understand how to appraise the various control systems within a major international hotel.4.1 Formulate different ways of creating and storing reading in a hotel.SeminarDiscuss how the knowledge hotels get from guests including personal and bank cards and how they are stored in a secure way4.2 Understand the various ways of management control systems in a specific hotel.Lecture 2 The lecture can be based on definition and examples of management control.Management controls, in the broadest sense, include the plan of organization, methods and procedures adopted by management to ensure that its goals are met. Management contro ls include processes for planning, organizing, directing, and controlling programme operations. A subset of management controls are the internal controls used to assure that there is stripe or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the entitys assets.Simons (1994) defined MCS as the formal, data-based routines and procedures managers use to maintain or alter patterns in organizational activities.SeminarIn this seminar the lecturer should discuss with the students utensils Inventory control of every department. unit 2-Hotel lag ManagementThis unit is to help students understand the importance of give in a hotel.Learning Outcomes and Assessment CriteriaImportance of briefing of hotel staff weak coaching gives staff developmentAppraisal and training gives motivation to staffStaff co-ordination keeps mature team work within the assiduityHotel staff require speaking skillsExplain GMs working process of a hotelExplain all departmental heads duty rosta 1. Understand efficient methods of communication for hotel managers when managing staff.1.1 Examine the different methods of communicating with staff in a large hotel.1.2 Analyse the importance of the management of staff coordination within a large hotel.2. Understand hotel organisational charts2.3 Explain wherefore lines of authority are particularly important in a large metropolitan hotel.2.4 Evaluate the importance of two organisational rules and regulations.3. Understand how to review and comment on the management organisational structure of different types of hotels.3.1 ornament the chain of command in a small hotel by development a Management Organisational Chart.3.2 Explain the nature and necessity of a complex structure in a large hotel.4. Understand increase opportunities within the hotel intentness.4.1 Analyse the career path within one department of a large hotel.4.2 decorate using a diagram the place of the hotel manufacture as one of the components of the Touri st diligence.Hotel Staff Management-Suggested lesson plan1. Understand effective methods of communication for hotel managers when managing staff.1.1 Examine the different methods of communicating with staff in a large hotel.LectureThe lecturer should select a large hotel and discuss the different methods of communication available for both guests and staff. This would depend on the size of the hotel. The students should then be given an assignment where they would imagine a large hotel in a city where many of the staff and guests pay off lesser knowledge of English and how to communicate messages.Group discussionContinue from lecture and discuss.1.2 Analyse the importance of the management of staff within a large hotel.Lecture can be based on following notesSmall- and medium-sized firms employers accredit the time value of their staff in driving forward business triumph according to a recent survey based on a telephone interviews with 500 SMEs. However, too few SMEs nidus on the need to motivate staff other than by financial incentives.83% of the SME directors/senior managers surveyed see employees as their businesss most important asset, while 63% believe that attracting and retaining staff is as important to an enterprises success as providing good customer service.However, the report, plurality Management in Growing Companies, commissioned from MORI by gusinessHR, a SME gay resource advisory specialist, also examines SMEs behaviour in terms of white plague and policies in the light of these opinions. It reveals that SMEs are not necessarily reflecting their views in their actions.A discover finding is that SMEs are concerned with their employees commercial enterprise satisfaction and staff motivation, but as many as 86% feel that financial incentives pay and benefits will do the trick in attracting and retaining staff. Only 28% cited good training and development opportunities for employees as important, with just 25% viewing achieving a good balance between work and home life as significant. An overview of SME human resource policies illustrated that they tended to a greater extent towards cling toing the employer than nurturing the employee. 96% have formal employment contracts, 93% have disciplinary/dismissal procedures, and 88% have health and safety assessment audits and grievance procedures. Only about three-quarters have staff training and development plans and less than two-thirds have a formal idea system in place.Businesshr managing director Ian Stobie commented, Skills shortages and the rising costs of recruiting staff mean that it is vital for SMEs to retain key staff if companies wish to grow.Throwing money at someone who is bored will not buy their committal or ensure consistent, outstanding performance.Interestingly, the larger SMEs (those with over 100 employees) tended to be more concerned about motivating and retaining staff, and their productivity, and placed more value than smaller companies on tr aining and self-development, as well as having more systems and policies in place which motivate and support employees. 91% of larger SMEs have staff handbooks, 85% training and development plans and 80% have an appraisal system.Manager of Advisory Services at businesshr, Tom OReilly, explained, you can think like a corporate but on a smaller scale. SMEs need to get to the root of the issues that make a motion their employees rather than just increasing their salaries, for example.There are a variety of sources to tap about human resources issues, but a recyclable starting point for smaller businesses, is the Small Business Advice Service, managed by the subdivision of Trade and Industry. Its website is at www.businessonline.org .For a copy of the report, visit www.businesshr.net/businesshr_27cApril.pdf .With thanks to Lloyds TSB Success4Business. For more news and data visit www.success4business.com 2010 Association of Tourism hospitality ExecutivesGroup discussionDiscuss and answer questions on case study.2.Understand hotel organisational charts2.1 Explain why lines of authority are particularly important in a large metropolitan hotel.LectureOrganizational structure involves, in addition to project organizational strangulateary considerations, the designation of jobs within an organization and the relationships among those jobs. There are numerous ways to structure jobs within an organization, but two of the most basic forms include simple line structures and line-and-staff structures.In a line organization, top management has complete control, and the chain of command is clear and simple. Examples of line organizations are small businesses in which the top manager, often the owner, is positioned at the top of the organizational structure and has clear lines of distinction between him and his subordinates.The line-and-staff organization combines the line organization with staff departments that support and advise line departments. Most medium and larg e-sized firms exhibit line-and-staff organizational structures. The distinguishing characteristic between simple line organizations and line-and-staff organizations is the quadruple layers of management within line-and-staff organizations. The following sections refer primarily to line-and-staff structures, although the reinforcements and disadvantages discussed apply to both types of organizational structures.Several advantages and disadvantages are present within a line-and-staff organization. An advantage of a line-and-staff organization is the availability of technical specialists. Staff well(p)s in specific areas are incorporated into the formal chain of command. A disadvantage of a line-and-staff organization is conflict between line and staff personnel.Group discussionQuestions and discussion relating to case study.2.2 Evaluate the importance of two organisational rules and regulations.Seminar In this seminar the lecturer should discuss different organisational rules and r egulations.Group discussion After both the Seminar and Lecture the tutor/lecturer should ask the students to write down any questions they have and partake in researching those questions. The students should then bring those questions and research they have undertaken to a smaller group where debate and questioning should be encouraged3. Understand how to review and comment on the management organisational structure of different types of hotels.3.1 Illustrate the chain of command in a small hotel by using a Management Organisational Chart.LectureThis lecture should focal point on General Managers working process of a hotel increase businessSeminarIn this seminar the lecturer should discuss about duty rosta of departmental heads3.2 Explain the nature and necessity of a complex structure in a large hotel.LectureThis lecture should focus on explain types of chain association and clear up types of chain associationSeminarIn this seminar the lecturer should discuss explain the manageme nt contract in a large hotel.4 Understand cash advance opportunities within the hotel industry.4.1 Analyse the career path within one department of a large hotelLectureThis can be based as below.Career in the Hotel IndustryOverviewThere are numerous job opportunities available within the hotel industry due to the many different departments that dedicate to the smooth running of an establishment. These include both front and back of class operations such as housekeeping, maintenance, reception, and food and beverage. Additionally, all hotels need a manager and some have individual department managers reporting to a general manager, thus providing opportunities for promotion. Also, the larger chains will often employ area managers who are responsible for the management of a network of hotels.No matter what position you undertake within a hotel, the primary(a) focus of the role will be to ensure that optimum service standards are delivered to guests and visitors to the premises. On the reception desk, you are the first point of contact for guests checking in and out of the hotel, and will therefore have to deal with enquiries and complaints on a daily basis. In the restaurant and bar areas, you are responsible for the role of food and beverages served to the guests. As a housekeeper, you are accountable for the condition of the bedrooms and the normal areas of the hotel. Hotel managers are accountable for all hotel functions as well as the administrative and accounting duties associated with the management of the premises. Additionally, hotels with bars must be compliant with statutory licensing regulations and it is the responsibility of the manager to ensure that this is maintained.Due to the nature of the business, working in a hotel involves unsociable hours with many hotels often busier at weekends and on public holidays. It is essential to be passionate about customer service and all customer-facing roles require excellent communication and interperso nal skills. Hotel managers need to have secure business acumen and the ability to implement effective merchandiseing strategies to change the hotel to remain profitable in what is a highly competitive industry sector. There will always be complaints received from guests and customers so a professional approach is important as is the ability to deal diplomatically and tactfully with any incidents that occur.Entry requirementsThe hotel industry is one that benefits more from the disposition traits of its staff rather than their standard of education, although for progression to management level it is realistic to undertake HNC, HND and degree qualifications in Hotel and Hospitality Management. Most of the larger hotel chains, including Marriott, Travelodge, Ramada and surpass Western, offer training courses leading to the achievement of NVQs or SVQs in Hospitality Service, Hospitality Supervision and Hospitality Management.Progression opportunitiesAt entry level, the hotel indus try is not necessarily one that pays particularly well although this does improve with progression to management level. Some of the larger hotel chains also have establishments in other countries so if you have a desire to work overseas, the hotel industry can offer excellent opportunities to those willing to learn a alien language.SeminarIn this seminar the lecturer should discuss a career in a specific department e.g. housekeeping.4.2 Illustrate, using a diagram, the place of the hotel industry as one of the components of the Tourist industry.LectureThis can be based on following case study In the modern times, the way hoi polloi spend their vacations has undergone a great change. People like to spend good times with family and friend while at the alike(p) time exploring various tourist places across the globe. As a result the tourism industry across the globe has seen an unprecedented growth which in turn has also resulted in tremendous growth in the hotel and appointment fac ilities.Comfortable hotels and allowance facilities play a very important role in popularizing any tourist destination. If a person, who is instead far away from home, gets to enjoy the same facilities and comforts as he enjoys at his home, then he is bound to become attached to the place. On the other hand if the tourist ends up at a place where the hotels and accommodation facilities are not satisfactory, it is instead likely that he might never return to that place.Perhaps that is why, hotels and accommodation facilities being made available at different tourists dapples, have shifted the focus to providing maximum comfort to tourists at reasonable rates. It is also vital to provide comfortable accommodation to people from diverse economical backgrounds. While louver star hotels can cater to the inevitably of affluent visitors, small and medium range hotels and lodging houses are available for use by a middle class traveler.Blog reviews are also vital in that information ab out all the hotels and accommodation facilities available in a particular tourism spot are available to people quite easily. For this there can be no better option than network, as most tourist gain information about the hotels and accommodation facilities through this medium only. The other ways are by making booklets containing information about the hotels and accommodation facilities available at train and bus stations.The information provided to the tourists should be detailed and correct. It should contain the information related to room rentals, types of rooms, catering services, check out times, pick and drop facilities etc. Additional information about the significant tourist spots in the area can also be provided both on the net as well as the booklets, to promote not only the hotel but the tourist spot as well.There are many websites available on the internet which are based on travel and tourism. You can get information regarding hotel accommodations, tourists place, and business blog reviews sight scenes. You should search these websites to make your travel well-situated and plan things accordingly. Through blog reviews you can get the link of such websites that are truly genuine and will provide you with travel packages into many countries. Read these blog reviews and you will know better.Article Source http//EzineArticles.com/?expert=Suman_AhliyaSeminarIn this seminar the lecturer should discuss relation between hotel and tourism and how hotels are an integral part of the tourism industry.Unit 3-Marketing of AccommodationExplain pricing strategyUnderstanding Client behaviourKnowledge of Market look for and PlanningMarketing to organizeManage the retail market mergeAnalyse SWOT1. Understand how selling principles apply to different types of hotels.1.1 Examine the components of the marketing mix as utilize to the hotel industry.1.2 Analyse the benefits of segmentation for a large hotel.2. Understand the marketing strategies and communication strategies of hotels.2.1 Analyse the advantages of vaneing in relation the hotel industry.2.2 Prepare a detailed SWOT analysis for a large chain of hotels.3. Understand how two sales promotion packages are used to promote hotel services.3.1 Evaluate two external influences which may affect the promotion of hotels.3.2 Analyse three marketing objectives to be used in the planning of a promotional campaign.4. Understand the part which market research has in the selling of accommodation and services4.1Compare and contrast the advantages and disadvantages of both primary and secondary research.4.2 Illustrate how two internal and two external sources of information can be used by a hotel when promoting holidays.Marketing of Accommodation-suggested lesson planDo the case study on Riverview and ask questions.1. Understand how marketing principles apply to different types of hotels.1.1 Examine the components of the marketing mix as applied to the hotel industry.Lecture Explain how the marke ting mix is directly responsible for maximising room sales and revenues in a hotel.SeminarIn this seminar the lecturer should explain pricing strategy1.2 Analyse the benefits of segmentation for a large hotel.The tutor will need to explain what segmentation is and then discuss the list below and whether all of these would apply to a hotel marketing.Companies who segment their markets match their strengths and offerings to the groups of customers most likely to respond to them. Points for discussion. Differentiate products and services to meet customer unavoidably and desires. Design or redesign new products and services to meet market needs. Find hidden needs and make improvements to existing products. By selecting and focal point on the most responsive segments to the exclusion of others, marketing can be created to more effectively fit consumers needs. Finding, understanding and focusing on the needs of the best customers can make a market leader. Target marketing mix to the cu stomers most likely to want the products or services see behaviours and buying motives for products. Identify most and least profitable customers. Help. Avoid abortive markets. Increase brand loyalty and decrease brand switching.2. Understand the marketing strategies and communication strategies of hotels.2.1 Analyse the advantages of branding in relation the hotel industry.LectureIn this lecture the lecturer should discuss with the students branding systems in International MarketingGroup discussionSrudents should have had photographic evidence of branding of major hotel chains and discuss usefulness in marketing on a global scale.2.2 Prepare a detailed SWOT analysis for a large chain of hotels.LectureProvide an explanation of the case study below and advise the students on what they should do.Case studyRiverview HotelThe HotelThe Riverview Hotel, Notown USA, is representative of the five-spot star brand within the Exclusive Business Hotels of the World group. all(a) Riverview H otels are boutique properties, offering between 25 and 35 undivided rooms.MissionThe Riverview Hotel is dedicated to providing its guests with the highest quality of service and standards. We seek to deliver on our promise of value and quality above all else. We value our place in the community and will work to develop those relationships and to respect and protect our surround.We will continue to strive to create value for both owners and shareholders whilst ceremonial our brand values and encouraging our personnel to develop themselves in an environment of trust, loyalty and encouragement.Service OfferingService high-quality facilities accompanied by admonitory personal service, differentiated from competition in line with the overall brand strategy, has proven to be a successful approach generating high levels of buy up business.PositioningThe Riverview Hotel is positioned as a five star plus, business travellers hotel, strategically located and offering a high level of perso nal service. Our focus is on offe