The Relationship Among Working Memory

The general focus of this research is to examine performance in standard cognitive frameworks and online tasks. The researchers hope to examine the influence that math anxiety exerts on mathematical cognition and to identify the processing components that are so influenced. HYPOTHESIS: The higher the math anxiety, the lower the working memory capacity, the higher the probability to get a low performance. VARIABLES: IV – math anxietyDV –working memory capacity, performance The independent variable math anxiety is manipulated into three levels: high, medium, low. The level of anxiety is determined through the use of sMARS (short math anxiety rating scale) is a 25-item version of the most widely used measure of this construct, 98 item MARS. The sMARS assesses an individual’s level of apprehension and anxiety about math on a 1-5 Likert scale, asking for participants’ responses about how anxious they would be made by various settings and experiences. The depend ent variables —– working memory capacity and performance.Salthouse and Bobcock’s listening span (L-span) and computation span (C-span) tasks assessed participants’ working memory capacity by requiring them to store increasing numbers of words or digits in working memory while processing simple verbal or arithmetic tasks. In L-span task, participants hear a number of simple sentences, one by one, and must answer a simple question about current sentence before hearing the next. In C-span test, simple arithmetic problems replace the sentences then the participants give the answer to each problem, one by one, and must recall the last number in each of the several problems within that, in order.In experiment 2, participants see the problem and are timed as they produce its answer verbally. In experiment 3, participants were given the L-span and C-span plus they were given a letter transformation task to test working memory capacity and processes. In the perfor mance, examines through the results of the intensive working memory tasks. PROCEDURE: Experiment 1 Experiment 2 Experiment 3 CONCLUSION: The researchers concluded with two more general remarks. First, math anxiety is not epiphenomenon — it is not a cognitive appraisal about oneself that is unrelated to the nature of mental processing.For example, statistics students who do poorly on an exam claim that they become confused, are unable to focus on the task at hand, or keep thinking about how poor they are at math. Regardless of the subjectivity of these claims, they are entirely consistent with the researchers’ main result: Math anxiety disrupts the on-going, task-relevant activities of working memory, slowing down performance and degrading its accuracy. Second, the researchers note the positive effects of following advice with which this article began: that effect is an aspect of problem solving that deserves empirical attention.Cognitive investigations that include ind ividual difference characteristics like math anxiety are rare, yet may prove useful in gaining an understanding of domain-specific cognitions. Furthermore, it now appears that customary assessments of working memory span, especially those using arithmetic stimuli, are sensitive to at least two classes of influences: the central capacity and processing characteristics of the individual, to be sure, but also the transitory effects of anxiety in the testing situation.Given current and important efforts that relate working memory mechanisms to processes such as reading comprehension, memory retrieval, and the like, it would be sensible to consider the possibility that anxiety or other individual difference factors may be influencing both the assessments of individuals’ working memory span and their on-line performance. * The subjects were assigned to the treatment are mixed —- in experiment 1 the lower level undergraduate sychology classes were recruited and they are to re ceive a credit for participating, in experiment 2 they have some subject from experiment 1 and the additional subjects volunteered their participation in return for extra credit, while in experiment 3 did again get additional subjects which also undergraduate psychology graduates . * The researchers used ANOVA — column 3 of table 2 (page 228) presents the correlation between sMARS and the remaining variables, using math anxiety group (low, medium, high) as a between-subjects variable.They also used ANOVA two-way to see if the decline in capacity differed as a function of type of span task. * The objective of the study was realized for they have gathered two general remarks form their experiments and they have explained well the conclusions they have made regarding the relationship among working memory, math anxiety and performance.

Frederick Douglass Learning to Read Essay

In Frederick Douglass’s narrative essay, â€Å"Learning to Read,† he explains how he taught himself how to read and write. His slave owners did not want him to earn an education, since they feared a slave who thought independently. I believe Douglass does not have an enabling figure in his life because he taught himself, through challenging other children, how to read and write. This was the stepping stone to achieving his education. Douglass overcame various obstacles in his life, such as learning to read and write, and gaining his freedom. Initially, his mistress tutored him, but turned cold-hearted and quit. Luckily, Douglass befriended the little white boys who helped teach him to read. For example, Douglass claimed, â€Å"The plan which I adopted and the one by which I was most successful, was that of making friends of all the little white boys whom I met in the street. As many of these as I could, I converted into teachers† (Douglass 347). With the aid of the white boys in the neighborhood, Douglass successfully learned to read; in other words, he creatively manipulated a negative obstacle into a powerful tool. As Douglass became more interested in reading, he contrived little steps to build his writing techniques to a climax. His masters worried that if a slave were to get an education they could endure ideas that would be harmful. He started to read newspapers and books in the free time he had between errands. This being, as Frederick began to read more he discovered what it really meant to be a slave. He started to wonder why he would not be free, unlike the other white boys. Douglass began to despise his masters because he considered that everyone should have the freedom to be educated. Thus, as Douglass worked in the ship-yard, he became more familiar with the alphabet. After learning his first four letters, he began to compose words consisting of them. Next, he would challenge other boys in the neighborhood whether they could write better than him. For example, Douglass expresses, â€Å"I would then make the letters which I had been so fortunate as to learn, and ask him to beat that. In this way I got a good many lessons in writing†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Douglass 349). This being said, Douglass learned how to write successfully with the lessons learned from challenging the other boys. In conclusion, Douglass recognized the inequality that his masters were making because they thought that slavery and education were not  compatible. Succeeding at reading gave him the power to make his own decisions in discovering who he really was. His perseverance emphasizes that the only teacher, who taught him to read and write, was himself.

Starbucks in Mihaylo Hall Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Starbucks in Mihaylo Hall - Essay Example The Starbucks proximity to the student study lounge gives the students a number of options while studying for those stressful exams and reports. Unlike other Starbucks franchises which are located in business districts, this particular branch is located inside the Mihaylo Hall College of Economics and Business Building at CSUF. Thus it does not have the same look or feel as the run of the mill Starbucks branches located off campus. However, this particular Starbucks branch does not cater exclusively to the student body of CSUF. The coffee shop has a public entrance facing the street as well. Starbucks benefits from being located inside the the newest building on campus, Mihaylo Hall, which also boasts of a newly opened study lounge area located a stones throw away from the cafe. ( â€Å"Spotlight: Mihalylo Hall† )Students in particular, benefit from having this particular Starbucks branch on campus as they are assured of physical security and protection since they do not have to leave the secured area of the college campus to get an Espresso anymore. Contrary to public opinion, students do not go to Starbucks just because it is the latest fad on campus. Nor do they just want to flash around their cash by showing off their designer coffee drinks. Thanks to the quiet and relaxing interior design of Starbucks, it has actually become one of the great places to go if you want to seriously study but cannot do so because of all the activities going on in the dorm rooms. At Starbucks, one can kick back and relax and and enjoy the quiet surroundings being enjoyed by the other students as well. Although the student study lounge also offers the same type of learning friendly environment, there is just something about studying at Starbucks that makes it a more conducive area to read the study materials in. Which is probably why there is regular traffic between the two areas during the time when the coffee shop is open. Unlike the study lounge,

What does cormac mccarthy argues about the connection between violence Essay

What does cormac mccarthy argues about the connection between violence and history - Essay Example s Statement: The purpose of this paper is to investigate Cormac McCarthy’s argument in his book Blood Meridian asserting that violence is related to history because all historical events are caused by violence. The story’s main protagonist is a nameless young man known only as â€Å"the kid† who was born in 1833 and runs away from home at the age of fourteen. In his wanderings across the American West, he gets involved with groups who indulge in vicious blood shed, and the murdering of Indians for their scalps. In the nightmarish world, he takes up innately violent professions when recruited by murderers such as Judge Holden who believes that violence forms the foundation of human nature and that war continues to exist at all times. Judge Holden says, â€Å"War endures. As well ask men what they think of stone. War was always here. Before man was, war waited for him. The ultimate trade awaiting its ultimate practitioner† (McCarthy 208). Similar characters whom the kid meets are Captain White and later Glanton and his gang with whom he goes on scalphunting rampages (Greenwood 50). McCarthy weaves together history and fiction, with some of his characters being real people who had appeared in historical accounts of travels with the scalp hunter Glanton. They include â€Å"the kid’s† fellow scalp hunters, the expriest Tobin, Marcus Webster, David Brown and John Jackson. The author â€Å"builds certain major fictional events in the narrative out of pieces of minor historical artifacts and strings certain major historical events together with his fiction† (Moos 25). In 1849 when the kid reaches Fredonia, in present-day Texas which had been the site of a land battle between the Mexican government and the founders of a separatist republic who had grabbed the land. Thus, Texas had been annexed by the United States government in 1845, and by 1849, the region was an area of conflict between Mexican governmen, native Americans, U.S. government and Texas (Greenwood 50).

Online booking system for parking Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Online booking system for parking - Dissertation Example Effective utilisation of resources could be attributed to the overall success of projects and avoid instances of projects failing mid-way through. Poor project planning continues to be the greatest and common cause for project failures, in different kinds of projects. Regardless of the projects being undertaken, project planning always targets to ensure efficient and effective utilisation of available resources to enhance project implementation process. The project plan shall provide essential guidelines towards execution of the project. This shall involve providing information regarding resource allocation of the various resources. Through proper resource allocation, management of the resources shall become simplified to ensure successful project execution (Kerzner, 2003). Another planning element for the project shall be ensuring effective control of the allocated resources. Controlling ensures efficacy in the utilisation of the resources through eliminating wasteful resource usage during the project implementation. Through efficient controlling process, the resources allocated for the projects shall be able to complete the execution successfully and smoothly. Project planning ensures proper and efficient utilisation of the resources through control in the use of available resources. ... Most project failures remain attributed to resource wastage, which result in resource shortage, and ultimate project failure. Controlling of the movement and proper resource allocation remains a significant contributing factor towards project success. Project charter The project begins with identification of the various parking zones, which shall be included within the online booking platform. The project aims at identifying the upmarket zones with easy accessibility and whose demand for parking remains high during peak and off-peak durations. This shall be followed by an informed analysis of the available infrastructure and capacity of the identified zones. This analysis remains essential in identifying the necessary infrastructural amendments required by different zones to ensure proper functioning of the intended systems, when installed. Upmarket zones with small parking capacity can be considered for expansion to increase the parking space; hence achieve increased earnings from t he parking sales. The project targets at utilising the parking lots with high capacity hence sustainability of the project implementation. The costs incurred in installing the system shall be recovered from the sales received following ticket sales. The project has various stakeholders being directly or indirectly involved within the project implementation. The most notable stakeholders can be identified as listed below. The local government authorities, who can be identified as the main financiers or sponsors of the project The project management team selected by the local authority. This team holds the overall responsibility of ensuring proper utilisation of project resources. Vehicle owners who shall be using the parking zones where the project shall be

Business of Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Business of Law - Essay Example Task 1: Contract and Tort: As far as the case is concerned it can be understood that Alice and Cyril had been to Purple Pumpkin for their lunch where after having their food, both suffer from food poisoning. The fact that needs to be considered in this case is that Purple Pumpkin is actually responsible for the food that they serve to their customers since they are the customers to Purple Pumpkin and not the companies that supply the food. It was supposed to be the potential liability of Purple Pumpkin to test the food that is supplied to them before providing them to the customers. Hence Purple Pumpkin can be sued by Alice and Cyril in this case. Considering the tort of negligence in this case, in the first step of the law that states about the duty of care, it can be said that neither the act of the defendant or Purple Pumpkin or the consequences were not foreseeable nor there existed any legal or physical closeness among the two parties. However from the losses or the suffering of the customers, there taking legal actions against Purple Pumpkin can be considered to be fair and just. ... This includes the third stage of the law of tort of negligence that considers the issue of the damage caused by the defendant. As the law states in terms of the remoteness of damage and as suitable in this particular case, â€Å"The defendant will be responsible for the harm caused to a claimant with a weakness or predisposition to a particular injury or illness† (Tufal, n.d., p.3). Hence it can be concluded on this case that Alice and Cyril being the suffered customers of Purple Pumpkin can sue the organization for providing them with foods that caused food poisoning to them. However they would require proving that it was the food supplied by that organization that caused them the poisoning. Moreover, on the part of the company, Purple Pumpkin may sue Mactavish Sea Foods Ltd that had supplied the lobsters to the organization proving the same. Liability at Contract and Liability at Tort: A Contrast: The primary difference in the liability at contract and liability at tort is i n the fact that the responsibilities assumed in contracts are completely voluntary. Thus there arises no force on any individual for the liabilities to be maintained. On the other hand, in case of tort, the potential liabilities are enforced on the individuals without letting them know or be aware of such potential liabilities. â€Å"The law sometimes requires compulsory insurance to protect against claims of liability in negligence or other torts, but it may be prudent for businesses to carry insurance for their property and possessions in the event of claims against them† (Negligence and Nuisance, n.d., p.257). Thus it can be said that in case of contracts, the law of contract would enable

Dostoevsky crime and punishment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Dostoevsky crime and punishment - Essay Example The wise saying goes—howsoever powerful may be the waves of an ocean their real nature is mere water! Once the crime is committed, a series of thought-currents related to the incidents begin to tax the brains of the perpetrator of the crime. They challenge his decision. In the introduction to the book it is observed, â€Å"†¦.it is precisely from such an attempt to grapple with the moral implications of the social and cultural realities of the day that Dostoevsky produced a work whose timeliness increases rather than diminishes with the years.†(Introduction vi†¦) All murders are not calculated. Most of them are done at the time when one is seized with spontaneous anger and loses the mental equilibrium. As a consequence, the murderer has a life-time to regret. Even after undergoing the legal punishment for the heinous act committed, the trace of that action remains within the portal of the mind. For every murder, it is possible to detail the negative and positive consequences. The consequences of murdering a known criminal, the doer of many dastardly acts, can not be compared to the murder a Professor by a student, who failed him in the paper. Utilitarianism intervenes in such cases and makes an attempt to differentiate between right and wrong by measuring a decision based on its calculated worth. Having murdered the landlady, Raskolnikov tries to reason out the positive benefits that her money would do to the society. But this is just wishful thinking. Murder is a murder and the one who does not have the capacity to give life, has no right t o stifle out any life. The one who understands the concept of utilitarianism in its true spirit, would find it difficult to accept and will resent the claim of Raskolnikov that his action of murdering the old woman can be accepted as morally right. A performer of the action can not be the judge of the merits/demerits of that action. One can’t be the lawyer and the judge for the

Adolescent Development and Behavior Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Adolescent Development and Behavior - Essay Example Their bodies change physically. They mature intellectually, and adolescent makes changes which secure their own social identity. Each of these changes pulls direction both from the natural elements in their bodies, and the nurturing environment which is around them. Changes in biology require nature - food, exercise, caloric intake and other environmental contributors. On the other hand, changes in social identity, sexual identity, body image, and position in the pecking order are more a function of the nurturing social network which surrounds the teen than how much food they consume or how much sleep they get each night.Finally, the subject if intellectual development must also be taken into consideration regarding the teen's maturation process. Intellectual development is a function of but nurture and nature. The student can have the best natural environmental surroundings and still mature with the idea that he or she is of diminished intellectual ability. The intellectual maturati on process required physiological changes in the adolescent's brain structure. This process also required input from those around the adolescent. The individual must be reinforced, and reassured that their intellectual growth is indeed accomplishing and attaining new levels of intellectual progress in order for the individual to grab a hold of this identity, that they are an intelligent person, and that their thoughts are indeed important and valuable. The process of adolescent development is one which is complicated because of the totalistic range over which the child changes. One set of inputs; factors which catalyze the change also affect other areas. The absence of one of the required inputs, healthy nutrition for example, not only affects the physical growth of the person, but also can impact the child's emotional and intellectual balance and progress. Jerome Dusek in his book Adolescent Development and Behavior attacks this subject and attempts to give an both an overview as well as a detailed understanding of the myriad of changes which occur in the adolescent's mind, body and soul as they mature. This book addresses the list of tasks which the teen must accomplish on his or her journey from child to adult. Through this book, the reader is able to look at the entire process of adolescent maturation, and understand better, as if from a distance, the monumental achievement which we call surviving the teen years, and becoming a successful, balanced adult. Adolescent Maturation Tasks According to Dusek, the process of moving from child to adult is filled with specific tasks. Each of these tasks is specific and quantifiable. In order for the child to arrive in adulthood, the individual must "achieve mastery of "certain social abilities or attitudes related to development. In other words, developmental tasks are skill s, knowledge, functions or attitudes that in individual must acquire at various stages during his lifetime in order to adjust successfully to the more difficult roles and tasks that lie before him."1 As a person who is looking back at the adolescent process, this book has clarified a number of false impressions which are typical to the adolescent mind. There are a number of ideas which the adolescent holds which have nothing to do with the developmental tasks. These beliefs also form a core of what many adolescents think is the purpose of this phase of life. For example, one of the chief beliefs that adolescents believe as part of their cultural identity is that their experience is unique. The teen is out on his own, and alone in this journey. For this reason, peer influence becomes such a highly charged influence for the teen. The teen places much of what is outside his or her sphere of peer social

Analyse article Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Analyse article - Essay Example Evidently, the nutrient cycles have been changed, the biomass has reduced considerably and a lot of carbon dioxide is being emitted (Passary 1). In the coming years, Passary writes that the impacts on the environment are expected to worsen, especially if nothing is done to reverse these statistics (1). The plant and animal species have greatly reduced (Passary 1). In line with this thought, it is only fair that humans put much efforts towards reclaiming the lost lives and even the habitats that would have otherwise been home to animals and humans. Among the major improvements that humans can adopt is to adopt safer forms of agricultural practices. It is also recommended that the urban designers adopt a more efficient approaches such as using the landscape corridors (Passary 1). These approaches will help improve and sustain the existing ecosystems. These approaches will also lead to higher biodiversity. Passary, Anu. Dwindling Forest Habitats Threatening Worlds Ecosystems Says Study. Tech Times, 23 Mar. 2014. Web. 24 Mar. 2015.

Negative Messages & Collaborative Writing Assignment - 1

Negative Messages & Collaborative Writing - Assignment Example Given that only a small percentage of the clothes were retuned, it’s likely that the company’s credibility is still high. The Carter’s Company has been your leading clothing provider catering for you needs in style and fashion, while remaining focused to being pocket friendly. We wish to thank you all for bringing to our attention the effect of what seems like a rash effect that is particularly noticeable on the garments that were sold on the fall of 2007 and those that had the label printed directly on the garment. The label can easily be picked out since it is printed on a solid white background. During this period, the company sold about 100 million pieces of garment and so far only about four hundred customers have registered complaints. Therefore, the trend seems to be a rather new phenomenon and not very widely spread but one that we are investigating thoroughly by involving the relevant specialists, despite the small number of customers involved. The doctors have so far not indicated this to be caused by any known skin irritants. In ensuring that we take your concerns at heart, we have en gaged the Consumer Safety Commission. We wish to request all those customers who may have been affected by this development to try out any other of our brands rather than returning the pieces (Mary, Patricia &Kathleen, 2010). We are calling upon all customers who may not feel fully served by these clothe pieces to return them and the company will fully compensate by refunding their money. The photos appearing at the bottom of this page can help you identify the clothes from the 2007 output and a newer and more enhanced version that you can try

Human Rights Essay Example for Free

Human Rights Essay Human rights are commonly understood as inalienable fundamental rights to which a person is inherently entitled simply because she or he is a human being. Human rights are thus conceived as universal and egalitarian . These rights may exist as natural rights or as legal rights, in local, regional, national, and international law. The doctrine of human rights in international practice, within international law, global and regional institutions, in the policies of states and in the activities of non-governmental organizations, has been a cornerstone of public policy around the world. The idea of human rights states, if the public discourse of peacetime global society can be said to have a common moral language, it is that of human rights. Despite this, the strong claims made by the doctrine of human rights continue to provoke considerable skepticism and debates about the content, nature and justifications of human rights to this day. Indeed, the question of what is meant by a right is itself controversial and the subject of continued philosophical debate. Many of the basic ideas that animated the human rights movement developed in the aftermath of the Second World War and the atrocities of The Holocaust, culminating in the adoption of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in Paris by the United Nations General Assembly in 1948. The ancient world did not possess the concept of universal human rights. The true forerunner of human rights discourse was the concept of natural rights which appeared as part of the medieval Natural law tradition that became prominent during the Enlightenment with such philosophers as John Locke, Francis Hutcheson, and Jean-Jacques Burlamaqui, and featured prominently in the political discourse of the American Revolution and the French Revolution. From this foundation, the modern human rights arguments emerged over the latter half of the twentieth century. History of concept  Although ideas of rights and liberty have existed in some form for much of human history, they do not resemble the modern conception of human rights. According to Jack Donnelly, in the ancient world, traditional societies typically have had elaborate systems of duties conceptions of justice, political legitimacy, and human flourishing that sought to realize human dignity, flourishing, or well-being entirely independent of human rights. These institutions and practices are alternative to, rather than different formulations of, human rights. The modern sense of human rights can be traced to Renaissance Europe and the Protestant Reformation, alongside the disappearance of the feudal authoritarianism and religious conservativism that dominated the Middle Ages. One theory is that human rights were developed during the early Modern period, alongside the European secularization of Judeo-Christian ethics. The most commonly held view is that concept of human rights evolved in the West, and that while earlier cultures had important ethical concepts, they generally lacked a concept of human rights. For example, McIntyre argues there is no word for right in any language before 1400. and constituted a form of limited political and legal agreement to address specific political circumstances, in the case of Magna Carta later being recognised in the course of early modern debates about rights. One of the oldest records of human rights is the statute of Kalisz, giving privileges to the Jewish minority in the Kingdom of Poland such as protection from discrimination and hate speech. The earliest conceptualization of human rights is credited to ideas about natural rights emanating from natural law. In particular, the issue of universal rights was introduced by the examination of extending rights to indigenous peoples by Spanish clerics, such as Francisco de Vitoria and Bartolome de Las Casas. In the Valladolid debate, Juan Gines de Sepulveda, who maintained an Aristotelian view of humanity as divided into classes of different worth, argued with Las Casas, who argued in favor of equal rights to freedom of slavery for all humans regardless of race or religion. In Britain in 1683, the English Bill of Rights and the Scottish Claim of Right each made illegal a range of oppressive governmental actions. Two major revolutions occurred during the 18th century, in the United States and in France, leading to the adoption of the United States Declaration of Independence and the French Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen respectively, both of which established certain legal rights. Additionally, the Virginia Declaration of Rights of 1776 encoded into law a number of fundamental civil rights and civil freedoms. These were followed by developments in philosophy of human rights by philosophers such as Thomas Paine, John Stuart Mill and G. W. F. Hegel during the 18th and 19th centuries. The term human rights probably came into use some time between Paines The Rights of Man and William Lloyd Garrisons 1831 writings in The Liberator, in which he stated that he was trying to enlist his readers in the great cause of human rights. In the 19th century, human rights became a central concern over the issue of slavery. A number of reformers, such as William Wilberforce in Britain, worked towards the abolition of slavery. This was achieved in the British Empire by the Slave Trade Act 1807 and the Slavery Abolition Act 1833. In the United States, all the northern states had abolished the institution of slavery between 1777 and 1804, although southern states clung tightly to the peculiar institution. Conflict and debates over the expansion of slavery to new territories constituted one of the reasons for the southern states secession and the American Civil War. During the reconstruction period immediately following the war, several amendments to the United States Constitution were made. These included the 13th amendment, banning slavery, the 14th amendment, assuring full citizenship and civil rights to all people born in the United States, and the 15th amendment, guaranteeing African Americans the right to vote. Many groups and movements have achieved profound social changes over the course of the 20th century in the name of human rights. In Europe and North America, labour unions brought about laws granting workers the right to strike, establishing minimum work conditions and forbidding or regulating child labor. The womens rights movement succeeded in gaining for many women the right to vote. National liberation movements in many countries succeeded in driving out colonial powers. One of the most influential was Mahatma Gandhis movement to free his native India from British rule. Movements by long-oppressed racial and religious minorities succeeded in many parts of the world, among them the African American Civil Rights Movement, and more recent diverse identity politics movements, on behalf of women and minorities in the United States. The establishment of the International Committee of the Red Cross, the 1864 Lieber Code and the first of the Geneva Conventions in 1864 laid the foundations of International humanitarian law, to be further developed following the two World Wars. The World Wars, and the huge losses of life and gross abuses of human rights that took place during them, were a driving force behind the development of modern human rights instruments. The League of Nations was established in 1919 at the negotiations over the Treaty of Versailles following the end of World War I. The Leagues goals included disarmament, preventing war through collective security, settling disputes between countries through negotiation and diplomacy, and improving global welfare. Enshrined in its charter was a mandate to promote many of the rights later included in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. At the 1945 Yalta Conference, the Allied Powers agreed to create a new body to supplant the Leagues role; this was to be the United Nations. The United Nations has played an important role in international human-rights law since its creation. Following the World Wars, the United Nations and its members developed much of the discourse and the bodies of law that now make up international humanitarian law and international human rights law. Philosophy The philosophy of human rights attempts to examine the underlying basis of the concept of human rights and critically looks at its content and justification. Several theoretical approaches have been advanced to explain how and why human rights have become a part of social expectations. One of the oldest Western philosophies of human rights is that they are a product of a natural law, stemming from different philosophical or religious grounds. Other theories hold that human

How The Media Influences Public And Political Opinions Media Essay

How The Media Influences Public And Political Opinions Media Essay This essay will draw on a range of scholars to show and explain how the media have influenced public and political opinion on controversial scientific and technical issues like biotechnology, nanotechnology, cloning and genetic modifications. This essay on the one hand will argue and show how the media exert influences on the perceptions of the public and policy-makers. On the other hand, it will object this notion by showing that the media do not ultimately determine public and political opinions. Finally, a conclusion will be drawn and ideas for further research in this field will be highlighted. Plein (1991) explains that biotechnology refers to the use of recombinant DNA techniques, cell fusion and bio-processing techniques to modify life forms for various research and commercial uses (ibid: 474). Biotechnology and other technical scientific issues have attracted intense media attention that it has become a fundamental aspect of an everlasting public and political debate. According to Hansen (2006), discourse and research about biotechnology began to gain prominence in the 1990s and as a result of the increasing public and political controversy surrounding biotechnology, a wealth of studies has examined the nature and evolution of public discourse on genetics/biotechnology representations in press, film and other media (ibid: 816). Durant et al (1998) describe biotechnology as the third strategic technology of the post-war period (ibid: 189). Durant et al (1998) describe biotechnology as strategic because it has been seen to carry the potential to transform our future (ibid: 189). Biotechnology is said to possess benefits like new diagnoses and therapies to eliminate diseases, new crop varieties to eliminate world hunger (Durant et al 1998: 189), whilst feared for its threats to biodiversity (see Durant et al, 1998). A controversial scientific issue like biotechnology was in its early stages surrounded by scepticism and disputes. According to Nelkin (1995), one of the earliest disputes over biotechnology applications focused on the field testing of ice minus, genetically altered microbes intended to inhibit water crystallisation and protect strawberries from frost injury (Nelkin, 1995: 58). Nelkin (1995) emphasised that environmental groups were worried over the health hazards that this novel technology posed. Nelkin (1995) explained further that news reports of the ice minus test presented images which were striking and provocative (ibid: 258). Nisbet and Lewenstein (2002) point out that modern biotechnologys thirty-year old history has been inherently political (ibid: 360). The media are at the fore-front of this political controversy concerning biotechnology. Nisbet and Lewenstein (2002) state that the mass media comprise the principal arena where policy relevant issues come to the attention of decision-makers, interest groups and the public (ibid: 360). This is perhaps why Nisbet and Huge (2006) noted that media coverage is likely to both reflect and shape policy debate (ibid: 14). In policy processes at first instance, the influence of the media comes in early as they determine what issues will be addressed by the policy-makers. These issues are usually generated by mass fear and scepticism created by the media. In the early stages of political policy processes, the influence of decision-makers can be direct when they manage to keep decision making behind closed doors from public or media attention (Nisbet and Lewenstein, 2002: 361). However, the progress of such clandestine decision making often results in the mobilization of bias (Nisbet and Lewenstein, 2002: 361). That is, decisions made only reflect the interest of certain members over others (see Nisbet and Lewenstein, 2002: 361). Nisbet and Lewenstein (2002) explain that if this interest succeeds in controlling media and public attention, then it has succeeded in controlling media and public agenda (Nisbet and Lewenstein, 2002: 361). However, Nisbet and Lewenstein (2002) point out that if such issues appear in the media and an interest can define their stand as well as alternatives available for discussions (ibid: 361), then they have succeeded in delimiting arguments that oppositions can make and screening them off from participation (Berkwitz, 1992, cited in Nisbet and Lewenstein, 2002: 361). This therefore relates to controversial scientific issues where different media frames are created by conflicting groups in order for their voices to be heard by the public and policy-makers. Nisbet and Lewenstein (2002) importantly note that policy-makers are aware of the importance of the media in influencing policy outcomes. Nisbet and Huge (2006) identify framing as a key mechanism used by the media to influence public and political opinions. Nisbet and Huge (2006) emphasise that frames are thought organisers, devices for packaging complex issues in a persuasive way by focusing on certain interpretations over others, suggesting what is relevant about an issue and what should be ignored (Ferree et al, 2002, cited in Nisbet and Huge, 2006: 11). Frames are hence the tools that the media use to successfully exert influences on political and public attitudes towards biotechnology and other controversial scientific issues. The frames help guide policy-makers and citizen evaluation about causes, consequences of an issue and what should be done (Ferree et al, 2002, cited in Nisbet and Huge, 2006: 11). In the case of biotechnology which attracted negative media coverage in the 1990s (see Nisbet and Huge, 2006); media frames could however be an antidote to suppress the negativity associated with it. These frames will act as an educative tool to reduce public scepticism and influence political opinion. Nisbet and Huge (2006) emphasise further that plant biotechnology has been ethically framed in a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦promotional light, emphasising the moral duty to pursue a gene revolution that could end world hunger (Nisbet and Huge, 2006: 11). Plein (1991) emphasised that biotechnology today is being associated with positive economic themes such as patent rights, international trade, research funding and regulatory policy (Plein, 1991: 475). This is as a result of the efforts of a well-organised coalition to define biotechnology in positive terms (ibid: 475). This has also been achieved by brilliant media-agenda setting techniques which have influenced public and political opinion positively. One will emphasise that this is because these well-organised agenda-setters present the beneficial aspects of this controversial technology to the media and the media in-turn influence positively the notions of biotechnology in political and public fronts. Plein (1991) importantly notes the reason for the decline in biotechnology scepticism was due to its application to the fields of agriculture, industry and medicine (Plein, 1991: 476). Marks et al (2007) however, pointed out that the news medias coverage on the medical features of biotechnology has been positive compared to that of the agricultural features. In fact, Marks et al (2007) stated that negative public opinion regarding agricultural biotechnology reflects the power of the news media. On the other hand, Plein (1991) pointed out that as a result of poor-organisation in the years of 1968 to 1980, the pro-biotechnology community were exposed to a hostile climate of opinionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (Plein,1991: 475). This negative influence on public and political opinions concerning biotechnology was as a result of scientists being primarily interested in scientific freedom and protection from regulatory intrusion by government (ibid: 476), rather than use the media to educate citizens on the blessings of biotechnology which would hence influence positive political and public opinions. Nevertheless, the 1980s marked a turning point in biotechnology history (Plein, 1991: 476) as it turned from being a dangerous pursuit of another weapon in Americas competitive arsenal (ibid: 476) to being a technology deserving inexhaustible accolades. Biotechnology has been made to be seen by citizens as one of the biggest scientific successes through brilliant agenda-setting techniques. In fact, Nelkin (1987: 40) emphasised that in the media ,biotechnology underwent a metamorphosis from a runaway science of genetic engineering to a new technological frontier (cited in Plein, 1991: 476). In the political arena, the climate of opinion changed dramatically as biotechnology and its features began to dominate policy processes (see Plein, 1991). One can say therefore that well organised media campaigns can revolutionise an issue that was before deemed dangerous and harmful to the society. Plein (1991) further explains that the ability of biotechnology to be defined in positive terms was as a result of its alliance with well-established groups which provided an opportunity for mediation and therefore influenced public and political opinion. Plein (1991) noted that the cultivation of support with well-established groups and businesses provided a better atmosphere for policy considerations and media coverage which hence reduces public scepticism. This therefore reflects the influential power of the media. For instance, a well established group like the London biotechnology network, a network of over 800 organisations which began in year 2000 has further helped reduce biotechnology scepticism through mediation (londonbiotechnology.co.uk). Plein (1991) writes further that another reason for the positive media influence on public and political opinion was as a result biotechnology supporters to disassociate biotechnology from negative issues such as environmental risk and ethical ambiguity (Plein, 1991: 480). This further provided an opportunity for media coverage as scientific groups were able to frame biotechnology in terms of its benefits to economic growth and development. Plein (1991) explained that these groups were also able to use the media to increase political support as they predicted that biotechnology can play an important role in reversing Americas declining role in the global market place (ibid: 481). One will assert that such prediction makes biotechnology a topical issue for the media as its coverage on it will garner more support thereby pushing policy-makers to take biotechnology into important consideration. Biotechnology proponents have also been able to frame this technology in the media as not being novel or alien; rather it is a benign, incremental technology (Plein, 1991: 481). Therefore, it has been able to disassociate itself from common fears that it is a new form of technology fraught with dangers (ibid: 481). Biotechnology has also been seen to dominate media agenda because of its association with already media-worthy topics (a period where science reporting became on the increase); therefore it has been able to draw the media to its side thereby communicating to the public and policy-makers the blessings of this technology. Hence, it influences a positive public and political opinion. This technology according to Plein (1991) has been able to attract favourable media coverage because of its ability to undercut the positions of anti-biotechnology groups. The coverage of this conflict further boosts the confidence of citizens and policy-makers that biotechnology is indeed beneficial. However, Plein (1991) importantly notes that such well-organised coalition frames are never secure in its fortunes (ibid: 484). That is, the issues and events that attracted media coverage and gave biotechnology its stamp of legitimacy will likely pass (ibid: 484). This is because other questions will emerge which cannot be effectively answered and therefore the medias coverage of this debate will influence public and political scepticism. This might be due to the emergence of competition among proponents of biotechnology (ibid: 484) who have issues with differing priorities and agenda (ibid: 484). Hence, the controversy is re-built by the media as such scandals and conflicts add sensation and spice to their stories thereby creating and influencing public and political uncertainty. Scientists have even pointed out that their major reason for involving the media in biotechnology issues is for it to utilize its influential power in public education (Nisbet and Lewenstein, 2002: 363). This is important as such education will reduce public and political fear. Nisbet and Lewenstein (2002) also pointed out that scientists are not only the ones involved in capitalizing on the medias influence. Nisbet and Lewenstein (2002) explain that in the early 1980s, media coverage was characterized by biotechnology promotion. Nisbet and Lewenstein (2002) showed that even policy-makers after being influenced also attempted to shape biotechnology strategically to influence positive public opinion. This is because policy-makers after being educated and influenced considered biotechnology development critical to domestic economic growth, international competitiveness and global security (Krimsky, 1991, cited in Nisbet and Lewenstein, 2002: 364). These considerations are therefore sounded-out more by the media, thereby exerting influences on public opinion. In fact Nisbet and Lewenstein (2002) point to a 1984 OFFICE OF TECHNOLOGY (OTA) assessment report that uncritically characterized biotechnology as a possible solution to many of the worlds health problems including; malnutrition, disease, energy availability and pollution (cited in Nisbet and Lewenstein, 2002). These characteristics will be highly reflected in the medias report agenda and will hence influence positive public opinion. However, biotechnology opponents were also active in using the media to present it as being associated with environmental risks and hazards. This is perhaps why Nisbet and Huge (2006) stated that as a result of the agenda-setting techniques of biotechnology opponents in the 1990s, the media attention garnered by them increased the controversy and scepticism towards this technology. Nevertheless, as part of the power game of politics, advocates for biotechnology still aimed to frame biotechnology positively in order to gain favourable coverage and hence influencing public and political attitudes. Priest (2001) emphasises that journalists have been accused of only covering the controversies associated with biotechnology as this is reflected in public attitudes towards it. Since news serves as a primary source of risk communication (Marks et al, 2007: 184), it only goes to show that the coverage of the risks of biotechnology will influence the publics idea of it. Marks et al (2007) state that it is the media who spark up public concern about a potential hazard (ibid: 184). Biotechnology has been accorded media attention and such media dominance influences the priority accorded to it by the general public (McCombs and Ghanem, 2001: 67, cited in Marks et al, 2007: 184). Priest (2001) states further, that even institutions within the biotechnology industry seek to use the media to frame public perceptions of policy issues in ways they feel will be to their advantage as well (Plein, 1991, cited in Priest, 2001: 31). This further proves the influential power of the media. Priest (2001) importantly notes that the medias influence on the public will determine the influence on public officials. This is because public officials tend to respond in line with that of the public. In fact, Priest (2001) affirms this as she writes that when the U.S public responds with vigor to particular perceived threats to public safety, this often seems to come as a shock to stakeholder corporate interests and government officials alike (ibid: 52). Durant et al (1998) alike, explain that with the development of biotechnology, public debate and criticism increased and in response, policy processes became sensitive to public opinion. The generation of public debate towards this issue can be tied to the media who as a result of the news-worthiness of this technology, cover its merits and de-merits which influences public and political opinion. However in Lewenstein (2005)s account, the medias influence on policy-makers does not automatically lead to an influence in public attitudes. This could be seen in the attempt of policy makers and activists attempting to generate a positive consensus towards a G.M Nation. Contrary to what policy-makers might have hoped for, given the intense media coverage which it attracted, no consensus was reached. Nevertheless, Bauer (2002)s research from 1996 to 1999 confirmed that opinions of biotechnology became negative which was in line with the medias coverage of biotechnology during this period (see Bauer, 2002: 103). Nucci and Kubey (2007) in their account emphasise that the media play a vital role in the public awareness and understanding of new innovations in science in the genetic engineering of food products for human consumption (Nucci and Kubey, 2007: 149). Nucci and Kubey (2007) write that the experience that the majority of the public have with genetics and biotechnology means that news coverage has a strong influence on theses subjects (Nucci and Kubey, 2007: 149). In fact, Priest (1999) emphasises that the media possess the ability to influence public opinion on science and technology than other issues (cited in Nucci and Kubey, 2007: 149). In fact, Nucci and Kubey (2007) noted that the PEW foundation found that the U.S publics knowledge of G.M food tends to be driven mostly by the degree to which it is covered by the media (PEW INITIATIVE ON FOOD BIOTECHNOLOGY, 2006 cited in Nucci and Kubey, 2007: 171). This further proves the argument that indeed the media is responsible for influencing public and political opinion on controversial scientific issues. A specific example of the media having an influence on political opinion was the period of the great G.M food debate (P.O.S.T, 2000). The publics suspicion about it drove the media to campaign against G.M foods which led to a heated public debate. However, it should be carefully noted that the power of the media influencing political processes should not be overstated as G.M food was already a major controversial issue in the British Parliament (P.O.S.T, 2000). In a specific case-study concerning G.M foods; Larry Bohlen in 2000 suspected that StarLink a genetically modified corn variety that had been approved for animal feed had began to mix with common food products such as corn dogs, taco shells and tortilla chips (cited in Nisbet and Huge, 2006: 4). Bohlen predicted that this mixture will lead to serious allergic reactions (cited in Nisbet and Huge, 2006: 5). Bohlen was able to capitalize on this media-worthy issue to influence public and political opinion. Despite attracting press attention, it did not gather the public and political attitudes it needed to disapprove G.M foods. On the other hand, recent news stories have shown that G.M foods are becoming acceptable and popular. Despite the scare for G.M food, the Royal Society has argued that G.M food research was needed to urgently avoid food crisis as this will help crops survive harsher climates as populations grow and global warming worsens (Guardian.co.uk, 21/10/09). G.M food is being developed further as meat is being laboratory grown from cells. Scientists at the University of Technology in Eindhoven confirmed that in a few years long strips of this artificially grown meat will become a part of our everyday frank-furter sausages. However it is agreed that this will only be achieved through super-human advertising before the world can accept to eat genetically modified meat (Guardian.co.uk, 1/12/09). In addition to biotechnology, other technologies like cloning and nanotechnology have become part of an increasing controversy. According to Lee et al (2005), media coverage on nanotechnology could have affective and cognitive influences on public opinion. Lee et al (2005) explain that the cognitive influences on public attitudes towards nanotechnology are based on the extent of the scientific literacy of the reader. Lee et al (2005) explain that those who have been influenced more affectively may be tied to media influences. This is perhaps why Lee et al (2005) in their research even confirmed that only science media use had direct influence on general support for nanotechnology (ibid: 253). However, Cobb (2005) pointed out that framing nanotechnology in terms of its benefits did not increase respondents trust in industry leaders (ibid: 233). The Wellcome Trust (1998) found that peoples negative attitudes towards cloning was drawn from examples expressed in popular media culture. Science fiction films were part of the major influences on peoples attitudes towards cloning. For example, Frankenstein, Brave new world and the boys from Brazil (Wellcome trust report, 1998). In conclusion, one would have to state that reading newspaper articles or any medium being consumed that ascribes all sorts of accolades to biotechnology, nanotechnology, and cloning does not necessarily determine a positive public attitude. As Lee et al (2005) found that people use their knowledge about science in general in order to evaluate possible risks and benefits (ibid: 260). Finally, one will suggest that studies of biotechnology should move past the western world into the third-world were food crisis are on the increase in order to show whether the scepticism towards artificially made food is a western ideology. Number of words: 3,285.

Eâ€commerce and management information system

E–commerce and management information system Question This report is based around an in depth critical appraisal of the use of information systems by an organisation of my choice. Choose an organisation Research the activities of the organisation and how it makes use of information systems to help it undertake these activities Critique its use of information systems Provide recommendations for the future use of information system by the organisation. Dr Ger (2010). Individual Assignment, from S708. E Commerce and Management Information System. London College of Business on April, 2010. Available from : Blackboard.( Access o 08/04/10) Answer Background to organisation My chosen organisation is Metropole College. Metropole College Ltd, trading as Metropole Learning is a private company, limited by guarantee. It was established in 1994 and started delivering government funded provision in January 2000, offering Basic Employability Training. In 2001, Metropole Learning started delivering contracts for the Employment Services now (JobcentrePlus) in Basic Employability Training (ESOL and Literacy). In 2003, they started delivering a range of workforce development, this had made the organisation to grow, and this growth continues today. The companys future plan is expand the current delivery and to also to offer teacher training for the new staff. http://www.metropolecollege.com/en/about-us/our-history Services The company render services ( in the area of lifelong learning sector) that are designed to enable adults to get closer to the labour market and to help these learners to maintained/sustained employment by given them long time support at work. They offer the following courses; ESOL, Literacy, Employability, Information Technology (IT/Computer) and give support or assistant in the following areas; Individual Learning Support, Information, Advice and Guidance (I.A.G). http://www.metropolecollege.com/en/our-services The companys services is actually in two sections Pre Employability Post Employability Pre Employability services: here the company help and give support to the learners by improving their language. Their speaking, listening, reading and writing skills are improved through ESOL course. They also improve their employability skills in order to put them on the labour ladder. The learners achieve these skills through employability and IT/computer courses. http://metropole.test-host.net/our-services/pre-employability Post Employability services: metropole provides work based, and flexible learning solution for employed people. http://metropole.test-host.net/our-services/post-employability Aim and objective of Metropole College The ultimate goal of the company is to support the learners into sustained employment. http://www.metropolecollege.com/en/about-us/our-history Bibliography Metropole College (n.d) Our History. (WWW) Metropole College. Available from http://www.metropolecollege.com/en/about-us/our-history Metropole College (n.d) Pre Employability. (WWW) Metropole College. Available from http://metropole.test-host.net/our-services/post-employability (Accessed on 07/04/10) Metropole College (n.d) Pre Employability. (WWW) Metropole College. Available from http://metropole.test-host.net/our-services/pre-employability (Accessed on 07/04/10) Metropole College (n.d) Our services. (WWW) Metropole College. Available from http://www.metropolecollege.com/en/our-services (Accessed on 07/04/10) Metropole College (n.d) Our History. (WWW) Metropole College. Available from http://www.metropolecollege.com/en/about-us/our-history (Accessed on 07/04/10)

Hip-hop, Reggae, and Politics Essay -- Essays on Politics

Hip-hop, Reggae, and Politics Introduction Music is an art form and source of power. Many forms of music reflect culture and society, as well as, containing political content and social message. Music as social change has been highlighted throughout the 20th century. In the 1960s the United States saw political and socially oriented folk music discussing the Vietnam War and other social issues. In Jamaica during the 1970s and 1980s reggae developed out of the Ghetto’s of Trench town and expressed the social unrest of the poor and the need to over-through the oppressors. The 1980’s brought the newest development in social and political music, the emergence of hip-hop and rap. This urban musical art form that was developed in New York City has now taken over the mainstream, but originated as an empowering art form for urban youth and emerging working class. Musically hip-hop spawned the age of DJ’s. With strong influences from Reggae, hip-hop has developed into an empowering form for the expression of ideas, power, revolution and change. Power and empowerment have emerged from these musical styles that now have many commonalities. Hip-hop and Reggae are both forms of protest music. â€Å"Protest music is characterized by objections to injustices and oppressions inflicted on certain individual groups†¦. typically, the intent of protest musicians is to oppose the exploitation and oppression exercised by dominant elites and member of dominant groups†(Stapleton, 221). Hip-hop has developed as a new form of protest music void of the common acoustic guitar. The goal of protest music is to promote freedom through music. Bob Marley expresses his belief that music is a message and route to freedom in the song â€Å"Trench town.† ... ...ap† Miami New Times, February 10, 2000, Thursday. Salmon, Barrington â€Å" Bob Marley’s legacy lives forever† Miami Times, V. 73; N. 22 p. 5A, 2/18/1996 Shivers, Kaia â€Å"This is Reggae Music† Los Angeles Sentinel† V. 66; N. 32 p. B5 11/8/2000 Wilson, Basil â€Å"The politics & culture of Reggae music† The Caribbean-American Magazine v. 24 N. 1 p. 25, 2/28/2000 Discography: Honorary Citizen: Peter Tosh, Sony Music Entertainment:1997 Steffens, Roger. â€Å"In the Tracks of the Stepping Razor: The Peter Tosh Biography† pgs. 42-51 Reflection Eternal: Talib Kweli, Rawkus Records 2000 â€Å"This means you† Run DMC: Run DMC, Arista Records 1983 â€Å"Its Like That† Bob Marley: Confrontation, Polygram Records 1983 â€Å"Chant down Babylon,† and â€Å"Trenchtown† Bob Marley: Suvival, Ploygram Records 1979 â€Å"Babylon System†

class struggles Essay -- essays research papers

Class Struggles In the Communist Manifesto Karl Marx explains his historical vision of a revolutionary class struggle between Bourgeois and Proletarians. His views are highlighted from the very beginning â€Å"The History of all hitherto societies has been the history of class struggles† (50). Focusing on the development and eventual destruction of the bourgeoisie, which was the dominant class of his day, and the rise of the working class, that of the Proletarians. I do understand that in some cases the system has a stain upon it and Marx was out to find the solution. Unfortunately he thought that by making a radical socialistic movement, and changing the a capitalist system to a communistic one that the answer would have been put in place. The idea is put in simple terms, but the complexity of actually making it a reality is not. I understand that the harsh conditions in which the Proletarians worked and lived was enough reason for a revolution. This is when Marx elaborates the social changes communists hope to effect on behalf of the proletariat. With communism they will get rid of private property, which is the primary base of the problem, "...the theory of the Communists may be summed up in the single sentence: Abolition of private property" (67). I tend to believe that a mans property is that of value, this is a creation that is a fruit to man. In other words he is claiming that with no private property t...

James Herriot’s If Only They Could Talk Essays -- James Herriot Only T

James Herriot’s If Only They Could Talk In James Herriot’s autobiographical book, If Only They Could Talk, we see that Herriot has many strong characteristics which help him through his tough, and oftentimes demanding, career. He has a vast knowledge of his practice, as well as his employer and friend, Seigfried Farnon. Herriot has a great sense of humour, and is able to take embarrassment excellently. He also works well in strange, or uncomfortable situations. One of his strong character traits is his adaptability, he is very flexible with his customers, and adapts to their lifestyles. James Herriot’s most endearing quality is his deep passion and concern for his patients. James Herriot has a tremendous memory of all the signs, symptoms, medications, diseases, and sicknesses concerning animals. This helps him very much throughout his career. He remembers thinking to himself about a horse reference book, â€Å"I had gone through it so often in my mind final year that I could recite stretches of it like poetry.†(1) He is able to deduct a patient’s problem without even needing an x-ray, or anything of that sort. In one situation, a bull was in danger of dying, and no one knew what was wrong. Herriot felt the rays of sun on his face and knew then that the bull had sun-stroke, and when asked, the owner told him he had put the bull out to pasture for a long length of time. James Herriot also understood his employer, Farnon, well. He knew when to steer clear, and when to ask him for advice and guidance. Herriot said: â€Å"I could read his mind without much trouble.†(2) Herriot had a wonderful sense of humour, and was always happy to get a laugh, even if it was at his own expense. Once, he was out with another aged veterinarian, Angus Grier, and found himself in quite a predicament. Grier insisted on Herriot coming with him to a cleanse a cow. This was a fairly simple procedure, where you remove the afterbirth still inside the cow. Herriot did not feel he needed to go, thus he said he did not have the proper clothes for the job. Grier was annoyed, but forcefully suggested Herriot put on Grier’s new calving outfit. It was an immense plastic suit of armor, and Grier made Herriot put every part of it on, including the helmet. This was, of course, quite ridiculous just for cleansing out a cow. But Herriot did it, and was the center of attention at the families’ fa... ... best feeling in the world to him, and that is why he would not have chosen any other profession: â€Å"I can’t think of anything in my working life that has given me more pleasure than standing in that pen directing the life-saving jet and watching the bull savoring it.†(10) Another thing that Herriot loved was new-born animals. Especially when he helped deliver them! He was really interested in the cycle of life. I think this also helped keep things going. The fact that every year, it was a new beginning: â€Å"I felt utterly content, warm with the memory of the foal trying to struggle on to it’s knees†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (11) James Herriot has a very strong character, and a very good sense of values. His humour keeps the days light, and jovial, and gets all the not-so-great situations a little bit easier to handle. His expansive knowledge of his job keeps the work somewhat easy, and helps with the hard to solve problems. His adaptability is very useful, as he works with many people, and in many different places. His deep concern, appreciation, and love for his patients, and all animals keeps him doing his job. No matter how hard it gets, he does it for the animals, and this is why he has kept on going.

Procedure for Protecting Clients Patients and Colleagues from Harm Essay

The Mayor’s role as the executive of the strategic authority for London is to promote economic development and wealth creation, social development, and the improvement of the environment. The Mayor also has a number of other duties in relation to culture and tourism, including responsibility for Trafalgar Square and Parliament Square. The Mayor has a range of specific powers and duties, and a general power to do anything that will promote economic and social development, and environmental improvement, in London. Before using many of his powers the Mayor must consult with Londoners, and in all cases, the Mayor must promote equality of opportunity. The Greater London Authority Act 2007 supplemented and updated the GLA Act 1999 and granted some additional powers to the Mayor of London and the London Assembly. The Mayor sets out plans and policies for London covering transport, planning and development, housing, economic development and regeneration, culture, health inequalities, and a range of environmental issues including climate change, biodiversity, ambient noise, waste disposal and air quality. These individual plans fit together to help deliver the Mayor’s policies. Between them, these plans must also contribute to sustainable development and thehealth of Londoners. The mayor of London has been accused of failing to deliver on a range of climate change policies during his four-year term in office, as new figures reveal he has spent just half of an  £84m green budget. London’s Green Party assembly member Darren Johnson today revealed that Boris Johnson will have underspent on environmental policies every year since being elected mayor in May 2008, meaning he has used  £40m of a total  £84m budget. But Jones said the mayor ditched the 2012 target because he had â€Å"blown the budget† by investing in eight new hop-on-hop-off Routemaster buses, at a cost of  £11.37m. â€Å"I think his new vanity bus has blown the budget for ensuring all buses are hybrids,† she said. â€Å"Instead of eight prototype buses, we could have had another 96 low-polluting hybrids on our roads. Pound for pound this is a bad deal for London’s environment.† The GLA Act 1999 gives the Mayor responsibility to produce a Municipal Waste Management Strategy for London. London’s Wasted Resource, the first draft strategy for consultation with the London Assembly and functional bodies, was launched on 18 January 2010. A second draft will be published for public consultation in summer 2010, and the final strategy will be published in late 2010/early 2011.

Who is contributer

The young Narendranath Dutta (later Swami Vivekananda) A man comes; you know he is very learned, his language is beautiful, and he speaks to you by the hour; but he does not make any impression. Another man comes, and he speaks a few words, not well arranged, ungrammatical perhaps; all the same, he makes an immense impression. Many of you have seen that. So it is evident that words alone cannot always produce an impression. Words, even thoughts contribute only one-third of the influence in making an impression, the man, twothirds.What you call the personal magnetism of the man † that is what goes out and impresses you. Life Snapshot 2 Meeting his Guru, Sri Ramakrishna Dakshineshwar Temple, Kolkata In his college years, Narendra went about asking many religious leaders of the time whether they had a direct experience of God, but could not get answers which satisfied him. His quest brought him finally to Sri Ramakrishna. Thus began a guru-disciple relationship which is quite uniq ue in the history of spiritual masters. 2 OF 27 Ancestral home of Swami Vivekananda in North Kolkata Narendranath, was known for his keen intellect and prodiguous memory.He acquired a thorough grasp of various subjects during his school and college years, especially Western logic, philosophy and history. He questioned the validity of superstitious customs and discrimination based on caste and refused to accept anything without rational proof and pragmatic test. In our families there are the heads; some of them are successful, others are not. Why? We complain of others in our failures. The moment I am unsuccessful, I say, so-and-so is the cause of the failure. In failure, one does not like to confess one's own faults and weaknesses.

Performing Arts Is a Waste of Time, Money and Resource Essay

Nowadays almost all schools include such subjects as art, drama, and music in their educational program. Therefore, by the time when children graduate school they have general understanding and basic knowledge in all of them. In my opinion, it is a positive tendency and these subjects should indeed be a part of every child’s education. I would like to introduce several reasons and examples that I believe will support my viewpoint. First and foremost, teaching of subjects such as art, drama and music is very crucial in forming of a thoroughly developed and educated individual who is well aware not only of science and related fields but also of arts in wide sense of this word. Completely educated person should have skills or at least knowledge in and understanding of art, music and drama as well, because these subjects develop creativity and artistic approach to life and surrounding world. Even though if a child will not pursue any of these fields of arts, he will be able to comprehend and appreciate them, by making his input to preservation and promotion of these subjects in future. For example, I did not attend any specialized music or art school, but my basic knowledge obtained at school assist me in apprehension and evaluation of pieces of art, music or drama. In addition, I can hold discussion in any of these subjects without any difficulties due to my background, received at school. Furthermore, teaching of these subjects helps parents in detection of hidden talents and special aptitudes of their child, because usually parents take their children to specialized art or music schools after discovering interest and abilities toward any of the mentioned subjects. For instance, my neighbors decided to send their seven years daughter to fine art courses because she was doing very well in her art class, especially in painting. Moreover, teaching of these subjects enrich the inside world of any child and assist in expression of ideas, thoughts and feelings that a child is unable to due to the traits of character. Usually people who cannot convey their feelings through words are successfully express them by playing music, drawing, creating sculptures and so on. The best example is the prominent scientist A. Einstein who was at the same time a very good violin player. When asked of the reason of his passion to music he responded that it was the best way to express what he could not deliver in words. In contrary, too much propagation of music, art or drama may shift a child away from the other subjects that constitute an important part of education as well. Only few of children desplay special ptitude to the mentioned subjects and mere interest in, let us say, music may persuade parents and a child to believe falsely that the latter has talent to it and drift him/her away from studying other subjects, causing serious gaps in a child’s education. In conclusion, I would like to emphasize, that teaching of music, art, and drama are critical in revealing hidden abilities of children toward these subjects and in forming completely educated and thoroughly developed individual with rich inside world. That is why I adhere to opinion that music, art and drama should be a part of every child’s education.

Learning Has No Age Bar

Each and every human is born with a right to be educated irrespective of his or her age. study is a thing which can be done without no age limit independently. for example children have the right to go to school and there is another programme for adults to recieve education, ie adult education. being free and educated is no bad. so acknowledge the locals to encourage their children to go to school and any illeterate adult to receieve proper education so that we can advance to a better economy. In todays competitive world education has become very important for all human beings. Everyone wants to get educated at the best level. Age is no bar for study because learning has no age limets. You keep learning things from the time you are born. First you learn walking, then speaking and then writing. The phases of life include learning at every stage. The myth that only children can study is not true. People can get educated at any age. It is not only education people can learn anything at any age. So people should change their point of view and encourage people who want to learn . | | with a right to be educated irrespective of his or her age. study is a thing which can be done without no age limit independently. or example children have the right to go to school and there is another programme for adults to recieve education, ie adult education. being free and educated is no bad. so acknowledge the locals to encourage their children to go to school and any illeterate adult to receieve proper education so that we can advance to a better economy. long experience. It is not attained at any specific age or time. Age is no barrier for learning. People learn through experiences, not by simply reading and writing. Knowledge is not what we prosper through reading. It is what we learn from every single day-to-day experience. We now know about the force of gravitation because we have read about it. But what about Issac Newton? He never invented this law by studying about gravity through sources like books. He got to know about it only when he saw an apple falling down from a tree. And he wasn ‘t in school when he observed this, was he? So through this example, it is obvious that the more we know, the more we grow LEARNING HAS NO AGE BAR Have you ever heard someone say, â€Å"I’m too old to learn†? Did you believe them? I hope not. There are many people in their 50’s and 60’s going back to college to earn their degree. At that point in their life they are probably doing it because it is something they want to accomplish. The likelihood of improved earning power is no longer the motivating factor. Computers are now such a part of our lives. Do you know anyone who is very uncomfortable around computers? Chances are it is an older person. Younger people have grown up with computers and are very knowledgeable of them. Share your knowledge with them. Even if you only have basic knowledge, share it. They will think you are a genius. Teach them to e-mail. Teach them the basics of MS Word. Teach them to surf the web. What a wealth of knowledge is available online. Teach them to find it. It will enrich their lives. I recently began an online business. I spent months researching businesses and ended up joining this opportunity. It required very little investment, which suited my budget. A fully set-up website was included. Now I had so much information at my fingertips. I was overwhelmed! I couldn’t concentrate on one thing. There were so many things to investigate. Fortunately, as a member of this organization, I had access to an excellent Forum. People are so helpful. You get answers and encouragement. The downside of this is that I then felt pulled in many more directions. I was learning a lot, but not making much progress. Then a gentleman posted a thread on the forum. As I said earlier, share your knowledge with others. He is very successful. He offered to help any members who felt like they needed help. I was amazed! This man could sit back and do nothing and still make good money. Here he was, offering to help a newbie. He is sharing his knowledge and I am working hard to learn everything that he says I should learn. A couple of weeks ago â€Å"HTML† didn’t mean much to me. Now (after studying) I can go in my website and make changes. WOW! I never thought I would ever be able to do that. My confidence is growing and I know I will succeed. Thank you! Again I ask, as I did at the beginning, are you ever too old to learn. In a few weeks I turn sixty. I have learned a lot in the last few months. My brain seems to work even when I am asleep. The other night I could not fix a problem on my website. I finally gave up and went to bed. When I woke in the morning, I had the answer. I do not care what age you are: EXPAND YOUR MIND. FOLLOW YOUR DREAMS, GO AFTER THE IMPOSSIBLE! You won’t be sorry. You will grow, even if you don’t succeed in a particular endeavor. You will try again and you will make it. THEY are the sunset students. Hair turning grey, they have fulfilled all but one commitment in life: that of higher education. In pursuit of which, they have wielded the pen and are ready to fight the rigours of examinations. I don’t remember who said this,but it was some Chinese author. Even at the age of 90+,he was constantly reading and experimenting. once,he went to university and asked for a degree course in law. Amazed and amused,the dean said,will you be able to complete your 3 years session? In reply,the author snapped back: â€Å"Can you take your guaranty that you will live till tomorrow? If not,then how can you say that I wont be able to finish my studies? I don’t know about my next breath,but my brain is still very young,and I can assure you that I will score high enough with distinction† Young age of ladies is lost in childbearing and taking care of them and inlaws. Middle age is facing many problems of menopause,bones,etc. etc. It is this old age,say above 55,that you have settled in your life. Why not learn something new? or something we were longing for since our young age? Yes it is true that,physical abilities are limited,you don’t have that much of energy and stamina,but the whole thing is to gather your will power and start again. And my dearies,I cannot agree that any one of you is without any talent! This is a mere excuse. Each one of us is born with some or other talent. If you haven’t explored it,do it right now. tickle your grey cells,think again and again,What was your hobby? What cheers up you most? Do you love to be with flowers? Think and think and think! You will get an answer. Now just gather your will power,make it strong and take an oath! i will do it. i will learn it!

Monstrous Mythology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Monstrous Mythology - Essay Example A monster when defined through literal terms comes from a Latin word 'Monstrum' which means an indication of what is yet to come, however, the Romans usually used this word to describe a series of unusual occurrences. It is very important for us to acknowledge the apparent relationship between the mythological notion of monstrous and the representation of it in the contemporary culture. The contemporary culture has adopted the mythological existence of monsters mostly through visualization or imagery which serves as a possibility inside human minds regarding the existence of these creatures. Mythology has well preserved the concept of monstrous which holds two attributes for their identification, one of which is that they are not human beings and the other saying that they are an evil force with their distinct objectives to kill humans. (Monster mythology, Carl Sargent, Pg 12-15) Classical mythology has a deep significance in the representation of what really a monster is with all the description that has something or the other constituting an animalistic nature. It is believed that the monsters in classical mythology usually existed either in the form of humans with unnatural attributes or absurd creatures that are part human and part animal. According to classical mythology, monsters were the creatures that violated the cultural values and norms and had their own inhumane and cruel motives. Myth makers and fiction writers have created many monsters but we cannot look through the deep-rooted significance of myth making itself and how it describes the appearance of the monster and the extent of its cruelty, for instance the people in New Guinea promoted a myth that involves monster traits such as shape transformation, inhumane union, thirst for blood and human flesh and other forms of cannibalism. Moreover, Greek Mythology has many relevant monstrous illustrations which prominently include the Stymphalian and evil birds in the Hercules period. (Classical mythology, Helen Morales, Pg 110-116) Monsters according to a culture can be the evil force that has all the wrong and manipulative objectives and perhaps this is why people following distinct cultural and moral values consider people who end up doing or even start believing in evil/malicious paths as the monsters or demons regardless of how a typical horror monster may look like. Classical mythology has preserved monsters time and time again such as the Cerberus, Centaurs, Chimaera, Medusa, Cyclopes, hydra etc. Below is an image of a monstrous creature in Norse mythology which was in the form of a savage wolf named 'Fenrir'. All these monsters were either humans or with a body or skull of an animal which depicts brutality and a hunger for blood gushing inside human bodies. Mythology as an explanation to monstrous creatures that once existed suggests that these creatures were perhaps a translation as to what fear is inside human minds or more like the image of fear and horror. Moving ahead it is extremely notable to understand the human psychology and how they perceive the monsters that they see on television screens or read and imagine about, it is believed that monsters are

Ethnic Violence in Darfur and International Response Essay

Ethnic Violence in Darfur and International Response - Essay Example Yet, the Sudanese government has repeatedly violated their own constitutional grants of liberty in that countless ethnically 'black' Sudanese have been trafficked, murdered, and enslaved by Arab militia, supported by the government. Moreover, since law-abiding non-Arab Muslims have been treated in much the same way as violators of the law, racial identity is the prevalent factor in government actions. For this reason, critics of the government argue that it is practicing ethnic cleansing, which is not only a violation of Sudanese law, but international law. While Sudan is a member state to the United Nations Charter, whose purpose is to prevent atrocities such as the Holocaust from reoccurring, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights to which the Sudan is a signatory is incapable of enforcement absent consent to international jurisdiction. Yet the question remains; is there legal recourse for such victims of government abuse More specifically, does the Sudanese constitution grant liberties for the breach of which there is a right to file a claim If there are such explicit rights, how can these rights be enforced within an oppressive regime This paper seeks to examine how notions of individu... While the United Nations offers to protect such victims, without the consent of the offending country to submit to international adjudication, individual rights exist only to the extent of the will of a member state. Therefore, this paper will also examine the origins of individual rights within the context of natural rights, and how natural law limits human rights protections. In this way, it can be shown why absent physical power to effectively halt the murderous Sudanese regime, victims have neither national nor international legal recourse. History of Violence Sudan is the largest country in Africa. In antiquity Sudan was part of a ancient civilization The country has been through a number of forced religious conversions. First, it was converted to Coptic Christianity in the 6th century of the Christian era. Then Islam was introduced by Arab invaders in 7th century but did not supplant Christianity until the 15th century. The name Sudan means a "land of the blacks" which denotes the ancient racial composition of the country. As a result of invasions from Syria and immigration of nomadic Arabs has since changed the racial composition. The country is roughly divided into two between Arab controlled dominated north and the black dominated south. The country is further divided along religious lines between Arabs in the north and Christians and animist in the south. Approximately, 40 percent of the population is Arab and 60 percent are African. Roughly 60 percent are Muslim. There are close to 600 ethnic groups and over 100 spoken languages in the South. (UUSC, 2004). This explosion combination has resulted in a protracted struggle for control of the country and its resources which so far has been dominated by Arabs in the north. Fight against

HY 1110-08F-2, AMERICAN HISTORY I (HY1110-08F-2) Essay - 4

HY 1110-08F-2, AMERICAN HISTORY I (HY1110-08F-2) - Essay Example ty acres of land in Oneida, New York, in 1848, becoming the Oneida Perfectionists. The Oneida Community formally adopted communism as a way of life, with property and marriage partners being held in common. The major tenets propounded by Hayes were (1) The beginning of the Millennium in 70 AD (2) Complex Marriage, or pent gamy, by which every man was married to every woman (3) Mutual Criticism, as a form of collective correction (4) Stripiculture, or the regulation of sexual activity, through male continence, and committee supervision, leading to scientific reproduction. The community practiced Noyes’ vision of ‘Bible communism.’ In order to be self-sufficient, the Oneida Community engaged in several economic ventures, including construction, farming, sawmilling, silk production, manufacture of steel beaver traps and the production of silverware, and was very financially productive. Individual and group skills were nurtured and practically directed for communal g ood. The Oneidans succeeded in establishing a strong community, with a collective spirit, and proved by their example that it was possible to live a life based on adherence to rigid religious principle. However, its success, which extended for over thirty years, finally was overcome by the failure of the concept of ‘complex marriage.’ The community disbanded in 1881, transforming itself into the Oneida Community Limited, a joint stock company, known today simply as ‘Oneida

Bacterial cells Quantification Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Bacterial cells Quantification - Lab Report Example Additionally, the information provided by this can be used to discover the effect of an enzyme on bacterial cell count – if an enzyme increases reproduction or lyses cells, this is discoverable by comparison to the absorbance graph created using known concentrations. In this experiment, the activity of lysozyme is studied. Lysozyme is the name of a glycoside hydrolase which damages cell walls by catalysing hydrolysis of the links between two key components of peptidoglycan – N-acetylmuramic acid and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (Pommerville, 2007). It is notable that lysozyme is present in many human excretions, such as saliva and tears, and this forms one of the body’s many natural antimicrobial techniques. It is also notable that lysozyme is more effective against Gram-positive cells because the cell walls of these bacteria have a higher concentration of peptidoglycan (Pommerville, 2007). An additional experiment was performed to test the effect of certain antibiotic s on bacterial cells. This is always an important test because of the current crisis in clinical practice due to the increasing amount of bacteria that are highly resistant to many or all of the available antibiotics (Neu, 1992). This can be done in several ways, but antibiotic disc sensitivity testing is particularly useful as it allows a test of several antibiotics on one sample of organism, allowing us to be certain that all the microbes are the same and thus reducing the possibility of false results. Results Antibiotic Effect on Various Bacteria Antibiotic/Dose Escherichia coli (-) Pseudomonas aeruginosa (-) Staphylococcus aureus (+) Bacillus subtilis (+) AP/25?g S R S S GM/10?g S S R S PY/100?g S R S S NA/30?g S R S R NI/50?g R R S S SM/200?g R R R R T/100?g S R S R TS/25?g S R S S NI at a dose of 50?g is effective only against Gram-positive microbes. TS at a dose of 25?g and T at a dose of 100?g, as well as NA at 30?g, PY at 100?g, GM at 10?g and AP at 25?g all appear to be ef fective against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative organisms. Micrococcus lysodeikticus Concentration vs. Absorbance at 450nm Micrococcus lysodeikticus (cells/ml) Absorbance at 450nm 0 0.000 6.25 x 106 0.406 1.25 x 107 0.274 2.5 x 107 0.301 5.0 x 107 0.455 1.0 x 108 0.870 Unknown 0.599 The general trend appears to be that absorbance is higher with a higher concentration of cells per ml. Absorbance = (0.000000008 * cell concentration) + 0.21 We can thus work out the unknown value by rearranging this formula – Absorbance – 0.21 = 0.000000008 * cell concentration Cell concentration = (Absorbance – 0.21)/0.000000008 Unknown = 48625000 or 4.8625 x 107 Effects of Lysozyme Solution on Viable Cell Count – Shown Using Absorbance Time (minutes) Absorbance of the M. Lysodeikticus standard containing 5.0 x 107 cells/ml 0 0.414 3 0.350 6 0.337 9 0.333 12 0.320 15 0.300 The longer the cells are left in the lysozyme solution, the less absorbance is shown. Discussion A s noted in the discussion, lysozyme is more effective as a antimicrobial towards Gram-positive cells due to the larger amounts of peptidoglycan in the cell walls of these organisms. As can be seen here, lysozyme has a very distinct effect on the absorbance measurements from the M. lysodeikticus standard which increase substantially with time, suggesting that there are less viable cells the longer the organism is left in the presence of

Humans, Technology, Nature and Spirituality Movie Review

Humans, Technology, Nature and Spirituality - Movie Review Example Spirituality mainly fortifies the link between nature and individuals; hence, someone can interact with nature through religion. Nonetheless, technology appears to destroy the bond between persons and nature. According to the film, Baraka technology appears to destroy nature instead of connecting individuals to it. I, therefore, concur with the movie Baraka, as it shows the unique relationship that individuals share with nature. For instance, the film shows scenes whereby individuals are connecting with nature through worshipping, and this shows a special relationship between humans, nature, and spirituality (Fricke, 2008). Such spirituality connection is seen through the intimacy between the Australian aboriginals with nature. They have an exceptional spiritual correlation that allows them to bond with nature. The Australian aboriginals also preserve nature due to their religious beliefs. Therefore, I also trust that spirituality enables us to protect nature and ensure that no one devastates it. Through our beliefs we can conserve the population, for instance, personally I believe that nature is a special form of healing. I meditate regularly, and due to this, I ensure that the surroundings are well preserved. However, at times our beliefs appear to disrupt us, and we end up destroying the environment (Fricke, 2008). Hence, unlike technology spirituality appears to be the linking force between persons and nature.

Blood Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Blood - Assignment Example He also proved that some people’s red blood cells agglutinated. Landsteiner also came up with 3 new ways of thinking and identified existence 3 kinds of cells A, B, as well as C (Daniels, 2013). Thus, the determinant gene of ABO blood type for instance is found on chromosome 9 and is referred to as glycosyltransferase .In addition, the ABO locus is made of 3 key allelic kinds: A, B and O as discussed above and every one of them was responsible for the production of its glycoprotein better known as antigens which are always found in the blood cells of an individual and thus their ABO blood group. Therefore the A as well as B blood types are due to various antigens (they provoke immune responses) on the red blood cells’ surface. The production of antigens is usually under the DNA. Thus antigens emanate from a red blood cell surface precursor known as H substance-common to A,B as well as O. Placement of N-acetylgalactosesamine results in type A enzyme which is transferase on the H kind of substance. The attachment of galactose to H by group B transferase resulted in the formation of group B (Daniels, 2013). On the other hand, type O comes about from a basic joint mutation that adversely destroyed or reduced the potential of Type A transferase to attach the mandatory N-acetylgalactosesamine to H substance. As studies have shown on monkeys, human blood types are very archaic genetic indicators which have been evolving for several million years ago. On the basis of primary races thesis hypothesis. In addition, it has always been held that the 3 main races of man, Europe blood group A, Asian blood type B and eventually blood group O in South America. These 3 groups have been emerging gradually because of the mixing and migration of the races leading to the current situation (Daniels, 2013). Another postulation about the origin of blood types is that emergence of every blood group A and b as well as their subgroups was as a result of successive

Awarness-raising and selling Investors in people Assignment

Awarness-raising and selling Investors in people - Assignment Example Advertising entails paying to ensure dissemination of information that identifies well a brand, service or product, or an organization that is promoted to massive customer base at one time. As economies grow, advertising become more important, since more consumers or buyers have the income as a result advertising can get positive results; good and efficient advertising results costs money. Advertising campaigns should have a clear defined objective. Advertisements should grow out of the investor’s overall marketing strategies and the promotion jobs assigned to the advertising agency. Advertising objective must be more precise rather than personal selling objectives. The marketing agencies’ specific objectives and well formulated budget can accomplish the following to investors: assist position the investors’ brand by persuading and informing target customers about its benefits; introduce new products and service to specific target markets; obtain desirable outlets or inform customers where they can acquire or buy a product; avail on-going contacts with targeted customers, in case when salespersons are not available; make way for salespersons by availing the company’s identity and the benefits of its products; obtain immediate buying action; assist in maintaining relationships with the satisfied customers and encouraging more purchases; and building more trust relationships with the client base (Pride and Ferrell, 2010). The advertising objectives determine the two basic types of advertising, institutional or product. The Product advertising targets selling of the product and includes competitive, reminder, and pioneering advertisement. The Institutional advertising promotes an organization’s reputation, ideas, and image instead of a particular product. Pioneering advertising is in developing primary demand for particular product category instead of the demand for a particular brand; usually at early